Grid-refinement results. Raw values on every level and the Roache GCI for each consecutive triplet (refinement ratio 2, factor of safety 1.25)
| Quantity/grid triplet | Δx (m) | Value | Observed order p | GCI (fine) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head-car suction peak (benchmark) | 1.0 | 2,288 Pa | – | – |
| 0.5 | 1,666 Pa | – | – | |
| 0.25 | 1,263 Pa | 0.63 (pre-asymptotic) | 73.3% | |
| 0.125 | 1,139 Pa | 1.70 | 6.0% | |
| 0.0625 | 1,105 Pa | 1.83 | 1.5% | |
| Richardson value/3D CFD (Luo et al., 2017) | – | 1,091/1,054 Pa | – | deviation +3.5% |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (baseline) | 4.0 | 4.426 kPa | – | – |
| 2.0 | 3.885 kPa | – | – | |
| 1.0 | 3.639 kPa | 1.14 | 7.0% | |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (A0 = 70 m2) | 4/2/1 | 6.064/5.571/5.298 kPa | 0.85 | 8.0% |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (L = 0.5 km) | 4/2/1/0.5 | 5.132/4.731/3.580/3.423 kPa | −1.52 (4/2/1); 2.88 (2/1/0.5) | not defined; 0.9% |
| Quantity/grid triplet | Δx (m) | Value | Observed order p | GCI (fine) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head-car suction peak (benchmark) | 1.0 | 2,288 Pa | – | – |
| 0.5 | 1,666 Pa | – | – | |
| 0.25 | 1,263 Pa | 0.63 (pre-asymptotic) | 73.3% | |
| 0.125 | 1,139 Pa | 1.70 | 6.0% | |
| 0.0625 | 1,105 Pa | 1.83 | 1.5% | |
| Richardson value/3D CFD ( | – | 1,091/1,054 Pa | – | deviation +3.5% |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (baseline) | 4.0 | 4.426 kPa | – | – |
| 2.0 | 3.885 kPa | – | – | |
| 1.0 | 3.639 kPa | 1.14 | 7.0% | |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (A0 = 70 m2) | 4/2/1 | 6.064/5.571/5.298 kPa | 0.85 | 8.0% |
| Exterior peak-to-peak (L = 0.5 km) | 4/2/1/0.5 | 5.132/4.731/3.580/3.423 kPa | −1.52 (4/2/1); 2.88 (2/1/0.5) | not defined; 0.9% |
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