Table 6 Independent samples t -test...

Table 6

Independent samples t-test results with Cohen's d (Addressing RQ2)

Variable	Group	n	M	SD	df	Mean difference	t	p	d
Gender	Male	55	75.64	9.52	208	2.01	1.46	>0.05	0.23
Gender	Female	155	73.62	8.52
Residence	Rural	165	74.88	8.75	208	3.44	2.34	<0.05*	0.39
Residence	Urban	45	71.44	8.60
Family type	Joint	73	74.89	9.71	208	1.13	0.89	>0.05	0.13
Family type	Nuclear	137	73.75	8.31
Course level	UG	110	74.67	8.95	208	1.10	0.90	>0.05	0.12
Course level	PG	100	73.57	8.66
Stream	Arts	120	75.30	8.92	208	2.68	2.20	<0.05*	0.31
Stream	Science	90	72.61	8.48
Internet access	Always	76	76.57	8.16	208	3.65	3.09	<0.05*	0.45
Internet access	Sometimes	130	72.92	8.15
Device used	Smartphone	199	74.49	8.54	208	6.58	2.43	<0.05*	0.76
Device used	Laptop/Desktop	11	67.91	11.51

Variable	Group	n	M	SD	df	Mean difference	t	p	d
Gender	Male	55	75.64	9.52	208	2.01	1.46	>0.05	0.23
Gender	Female	155	73.62	8.52
Residence	Rural	165	74.88	8.75	208	3.44	2.34	<0.05*	0.39
Residence	Urban	45	71.44	8.60
Family type	Joint	73	74.89	9.71	208	1.13	0.89	>0.05	0.13
Family type	Nuclear	137	73.75	8.31
Course level	UG	110	74.67	8.95	208	1.10	0.90	>0.05	0.12
Course level	PG	100	73.57	8.66
Stream	Arts	120	75.30	8.92	208	2.68	2.20	<0.05*	0.31
Stream	Science	90	72.61	8.48
Internet access	Always	76	76.57	8.16	208	3.65	3.09	<0.05*	0.45
Internet access	Sometimes	130	72.92	8.15
Device used	Smartphone	199	74.49	8.54	208	6.58	2.43	<0.05*	0.76
Device used	Laptop/Desktop	11	67.91	11.51

Note(s): d = Cohen's d (pooled SD). Benchmarks: trivial <0.20; small 0.20–0.49; medium 0.50–0.79 (Cohen, 1988). *p < 0.05. Access-layer variables (Internet, Device) produced the largest effects

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable