Table 3. Summary of justice framing... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Summary of justice framing across selected city networks

Categories/ city network	Justice-related terms	Justice dimensions	Contexts	Key characteristics
C40	Inclusion is used most frequently (175 times) Justice, equity, fairness are used more than other networks Usage increased since 2019 due to the pandemic, racial justice movements Introduction of the “equity pledge” and renewal of membership standard, emphasising inclusiveness and equity in climate actions	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions Distribution is coded more than others (e.g. equitable access to health care service in the pandemic, equitable distribution of carbon budgets)	Pandemic (59 times) and governance, policy and system (57 times) appeared most frequently Justice terms are used in the contexts of pandemic (59 times) and just transition (23 times) more than other networks. Strong connotation of justice and pandemic (e.g. just recovery)	Justice increasingly linked to just recovery and economic framing
CityNet	Justice-related terms are used least frequently Inclusion is used most frequently (43 times) No chronological increase in the use of justice terms is observed in 2016–2022	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions	Space (22 times) is used the most Inclusion is used most frequently in the context of space (22 times), but correlations with other contexts and justice-related terms remain weak	Limited explicit justice-related terms
ICLEI	Inclusion is used most frequently (101 times) Increase in usage in 2021 and 2022 due to the justice terms used in the vision documents “Malmö Commitment”	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions	Governance, policy and system (33 times) and space (28 times) are used the most The context of space (28 times) appeared frequently with justice (e.g. spatial justice)	Justice embedded in broader sustainability discourse
UCLG	Equality is used most frequently (168 times) Consistent use of justice terms in 2016–2022	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions Recognition is coded more than other networks	Governance, policy and system (83 times) and gender (76 times) are used the most Greater focus on the context of gender (76 times) more than other networks	Justice explicitly framed through human rights, gender equality, and spatial justice

Categories/ city network	Justice-related terms	Justice dimensions	Contexts	Key characteristics
C40	Inclusion is used most frequently (175 times) Justice, equity, fairness are used more than other networks Usage increased since 2019 due to the pandemic, racial justice movements Introduction of the “equity pledge” and renewal of membership standard, emphasising inclusiveness and equity in climate actions	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions Distribution is coded more than others (e.g. equitable access to health care service in the pandemic, equitable distribution of carbon budgets)	Pandemic (59 times) and governance, policy and system (57 times) appeared most frequently Justice terms are used in the contexts of pandemic (59 times) and just transition (23 times) more than other networks. Strong connotation of justice and pandemic (e.g. just recovery)	Justice increasingly linked to just recovery and economic framing
CityNet	Justice-related terms are used least frequently Inclusion is used most frequently (43 times) No chronological increase in the use of justice terms is observed in 2016–2022	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions	Space (22 times) is used the most Inclusion is used most frequently in the context of space (22 times), but correlations with other contexts and justice-related terms remain weak	Limited explicit justice-related terms
ICLEI	Inclusion is used most frequently (101 times) Increase in usage in 2021 and 2022 due to the justice terms used in the vision documents “Malmö Commitment”	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions	Governance, policy and system (33 times) and space (28 times) are used the most The context of space (28 times) appeared frequently with justice (e.g. spatial justice)	Justice embedded in broader sustainability discourse
UCLG	Equality is used most frequently (168 times) Consistent use of justice terms in 2016–2022	Most of the justice-related terms are used without specifying justice dimensions Recognition is coded more than other networks	Governance, policy and system (83 times) and gender (76 times) are used the most Greater focus on the context of gender (76 times) more than other networks	Justice explicitly framed through human rights, gender equality, and spatial justice

Source(s): Authors’ own work