Table 4 Thematic synthesis and frequency... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Thematic synthesis and frequency of BT adoption drivers in CSCs

Driver theme	Specific adoption driver	Frequency, n (%)	Supporting studies
Information governance drivers	D1: Fragmented information flows, poor information sharing and limited visibility	29 (72.5%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Lu et al. (2021), Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Xu et al. (2025), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2021), Lee et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2022), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021), Singh et al. (2023), Tran et al. (2024), Kim et al. (2020)
	D2: Trust, data-integrity, security and accountability deficits	24 (60.0%)	Xu et al. (2023), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Lu et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Xu et al. (2025), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Luo et al. (2019), Yang et al. (2022), Qian and Papadonikolaki (2021), Zhou (2024), Nanayakkara et al. (2021), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Sarkar et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021)
	D3: Inadequate traceability, provenance and quality verification	14 (35.0%)	Xu et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Lu et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Rodrigo et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2021), Rocco (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2025b), Hijazi et al. (2024)
Transactional and operational drivers	D4: Payment, contract-administration and transaction inefficiencies	10 (25.0%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Heydari et al. (2024), Luo et al. (2019), Lee et al. (2023), Nanayakkara et al. (2021), Sarkar et al. (2023), Tezel et al. (2020, 2021), Kim et al. (2020)
Transactional and operational drivers	D5: Coordination, procurement, logistics and process inefficiencies	23 (57.5%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Li et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Waqar et al. (2024), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2022), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Sarkar et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021), Kim et al. (2020)
Digital integration drivers	D6: Interoperability problems and disconnected or centralised digital systems	11 (27.5%)	Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sarkar et al. (2023), Hijazi et al. (2024), Tran et al. (2024)
Sustainability and institutional drivers	D7: Sustainability, carbon-reduction, circularity and waste-management pressures	10 (25.0%)	Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Singh and Kumar (2024), Waqar et al. (2024), Rodrigo et al. (2020), Rocco (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Singh et al. (2023), Gu et al. (2025)
Sustainability and institutional drivers	D8: Regulatory, compliance and auditability requirements	6 (15.0%)	Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Zhang and Teng (2022), Rocco (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024)
Strategic and contextual drivers	D9: Supply-chain disruption, resilience and environmental-uncertainty pressures	3 (7.5%)	Wang et al. (2025a), Zhang and Teng (2022), Sun et al. (2024)
	D10: Productivity, competitiveness and digital-transformation pressures	3 (7.5%)	Zhang and Teng (2022), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024)
	D11: Safety and risk-management requirements	1 (2.5%)	Yang et al. (2022)

Driver theme	Specific adoption driver	Frequency, n (%)	Supporting studies
Information governance drivers	D1: Fragmented information flows, poor information sharing and limited visibility	29 (72.5%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Lu et al. (2021), Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Xu et al. (2025), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2021), Lee et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2022), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021), Singh et al. (2023), Tran et al. (2024), Kim et al. (2020)
	D2: Trust, data-integrity, security and accountability deficits	24 (60.0%)	Xu et al. (2023), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Lu et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Xu et al. (2025), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Luo et al. (2019), Yang et al. (2022), Qian and Papadonikolaki (2021), Zhou (2024), Nanayakkara et al. (2021), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Sarkar et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021)
	D3: Inadequate traceability, provenance and quality verification	14 (35.0%)	Xu et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Lu et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Rodrigo et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2021), Rocco (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Wang et al. (2025b), Hijazi et al. (2024)
Transactional and operational drivers	D4: Payment, contract-administration and transaction inefficiencies	10 (25.0%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Heydari et al. (2024), Luo et al. (2019), Lee et al. (2023), Nanayakkara et al. (2021), Sarkar et al. (2023), Tezel et al. (2020, 2021), Kim et al. (2020)
Transactional and operational drivers	D5: Coordination, procurement, logistics and process inefficiencies	23 (57.5%)	Hamledari and Fischer (2021), Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2020), Li et al. (2021), Wu et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2025a), Waqar et al. (2024), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhang and Teng (2022), Eltoukhy et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Yang et al. (2022), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2024), Sarkar et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Tezel et al. (2021), Kim et al. (2020)
Digital integration drivers	D6: Interoperability problems and disconnected or centralised digital systems	11 (27.5%)	Jiang et al. (2021), Celik et al. (2023), Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Heydari et al. (2024), Zhou (2024), Amiri Ara et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Sarkar et al. (2023), Hijazi et al. (2024), Tran et al. (2024)
Sustainability and institutional drivers	D7: Sustainability, carbon-reduction, circularity and waste-management pressures	10 (25.0%)	Elghaish et al. (2023), Li et al. (2021), Singh and Kumar (2024), Waqar et al. (2024), Rodrigo et al. (2020), Rocco (2023), Kuan et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024), Singh et al. (2023), Gu et al. (2025)
Sustainability and institutional drivers	D8: Regulatory, compliance and auditability requirements	6 (15.0%)	Eze and Ameyaw (2025), Zhang and Teng (2022), Rocco (2023), Wang et al. (2025b), Hijazi et al. (2024), Ma et al. (2024)
Strategic and contextual drivers	D9: Supply-chain disruption, resilience and environmental-uncertainty pressures	3 (7.5%)	Wang et al. (2025a), Zhang and Teng (2022), Sun et al. (2024)
	D10: Productivity, competitiveness and digital-transformation pressures	3 (7.5%)	Zhang and Teng (2022), Tezel et al. (2020), Hijazi et al. (2024)
	D11: Safety and risk-management requirements	1 (2.5%)	Yang et al. (2022)

Source(s): Table created by the authors