Table 3

Summary of the case study outcomes

Case 1 AgritechCase 2 HealthtechCase 3 ProptechCase 4 Traveltech
ICT knowledgeFounder (development)Founder (governance)Partner (development)Absent
BricolageHighLowHighLow
Frugal innovation – cost reductionHighHighHighLow
Frugal innovation – focusHighHighHighLow
Frugal innovation – sustainable co-creationHighHighHighLow
PerformanceMuch higherMediumMuch higherMedium
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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