Table 1 Overview of the scale... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Overview of the scale development process

Steps	Steps of scale development	Sample	Results
Study 1	Development of a preliminary pool of items, starting from the definition and supplemented by a literature review	Discussion of retrieved items with N = 7; three academics working in the area of organizational behaviour and four managers working in the private sector	Preliminary item pool (103 items) reduced to 40 items
Study 2	Item generation and content validity	N = 9 experts in the field of organizational behaviour, managers, and administrators	Item pool defined and consisting of 32 items
Study 3	Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), dimensionality and reliability	N = 207 respondents from both public and private sectors (UK, 2016): 42% male; 64% public sector	Items reduced to 6 (individual-level) and 8 (organization-level) based on the EFA
Study 4	Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)	N = 288 respondents from both public and private sectors (UK, 2016): 52% male; average age of 38.5 years; 78% full-time employees; 30% worked more than 10 years; 43% public sector	Further validation of the factors extracted from the EFA
Study 5	Discriminant, convergent and predictive validity	N = 151 (UK, 2016) respondents from various industries: 52% men; 76% full-time employees; 48% public sector; mean organization tenure of 11 years	ODRs’ scales further validated; ODRs discriminated from other similar concepts; ODRs predict outcomes

Steps	Steps of scale development	Sample	Results
Study 1	Development of a preliminary pool of items, starting from the definition and supplemented by a literature review	Discussion of retrieved items with N = 7; three academics working in the area of organizational behaviour and four managers working in the private sector	Preliminary item pool (103 items) reduced to 40 items
Study 2	Item generation and content validity	N = 9 experts in the field of organizational behaviour, managers, and administrators	Item pool defined and consisting of 32 items
Study 3	Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), dimensionality and reliability	N = 207 respondents from both public and private sectors (UK, 2016): 42% male; 64% public sector	Items reduced to 6 (individual-level) and 8 (organization-level) based on the EFA
Study 4	Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)	N = 288 respondents from both public and private sectors (UK, 2016): 52% male; average age of 38.5 years; 78% full-time employees; 30% worked more than 10 years; 43% public sector	Further validation of the factors extracted from the EFA
Study 5	Discriminant, convergent and predictive validity	N = 151 (UK, 2016) respondents from various industries: 52% men; 76% full-time employees; 48% public sector; mean organization tenure of 11 years	ODRs’ scales further validated; ODRs discriminated from other similar concepts; ODRs predict outcomes