Table 3

Data structure of the thematic analysis

First-order concepts (representative evidence)Second-order themesAggregate dimensions
Proximity to healthcare facilities; delivery-time reduction; delivery accuracy with digital pedigree; AI-driven demand sensing; robust interconnected network; smart cold-chain monitoring; real-time inventory visibility; safe handling of medicinesLocation and distribution proximity; delivery accuracy; availability of supplies; robust supply network; cold storage facilities; inventory visibility; handling qualityOperational and logistics factors
Geopolitical instability and tariffs; regionalization and friend-shoring; labour strikes at ports and distribution centres; automated dual-hub reroutingPolitical risk; labour disruptionRisk and disruption factors
Regulatory track record and GMP audit history; financial vetting of partners; buyer and supplier bargaining leverage; CDMO switching costsOrganizational experience; financial stability of partners; bargaining powerSupplier and organizational capability factors
Specialized temperature-controlled storage cost; scalable automation offsets; predictive-analytics-driven cost reduction; local data processingWarehousing cost; technology-enabled cost optimizationFinancial and cost factors
Real-time automated regulatory reporting; ESG due diligence in certification; market lockout on non-complianceGovernmental rules and regulations; quality certification and health safetyGovernance and regulatory factors
Emerging technologies as supply-chain nervous system; AI and digital twins for cognitive orchestration; bio-digital-twin what-if simulation; quantum-resistant encryption and immutable ledgersTechnology innovation and IT capability; bio-digital twin compatibility; quantum-resistant encryptionTechnology and digital transformation factors
Responsible sourcing and anti-diversion compliance; pharmacovigilance; ethical sourcing linked to investor confidence; psychedelic precursor ethicsEthical sourcing and pharmacovigilanceEthical and emerging pharmaceutical factors
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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