Findings, gaps and future directions
| TCCM finding | Gap | Future direction |
|---|---|---|
| Technology-integration → Digital twin/CPS/Industry 4.0 | Weak organisational theorisation | Organisational learning, institutional, socio-technical theories |
| Algorithmic (Focusing upon maintenance) | Narrow application focus | Passenger, revenue, demand, energy, autonomy |
| Decision-optimisation → MCDM/ITS → freight/logistics | Fragmented freight research | Integrated AI + freight/supply-chain research |
| Context concentrated in China/Europe | Emerging economies underrepresented | Comparative developing/developed-country studies |
| Reviews/modelling/experimental studies dominate | Limited long-term evidence | Longitudinal + mixed-method research |
| Emerging digital twin/AI themes | Technology-specific research | Multi-technology configurations |
| TCCM finding | Gap | Future direction |
|---|---|---|
| Technology-integration → Digital twin/CPS/Industry 4.0 | Weak organisational theorisation | Organisational learning, institutional, socio-technical theories |
| Algorithmic (Focusing upon maintenance) | Narrow application focus | Passenger, revenue, demand, energy, autonomy |
| Decision-optimisation → MCDM/ITS → freight/logistics | Fragmented freight research | Integrated AI + freight/supply-chain research |
| Context concentrated in China/Europe | Emerging economies underrepresented | Comparative developing/developed-country studies |
| Reviews/modelling/experimental studies dominate | Limited long-term evidence | Longitudinal + mixed-method research |
| Emerging digital twin/AI themes | Technology-specific research | Multi-technology configurations |
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