Table 1 Summary of the Student-AI... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Summary of the Student-AI learning trajectory (SALT) model

Phase	Focal mode of engagement	Illustrative activities	Pedagogical goal
Phase 1: AI as a Tool	Operational use of AI for immediate task completion	Information retrieval; basic arithmetic; word-level translation; simple image generation	Operational Fluency
Phase 2: AI as a Machine	Understanding AI as a probabilistic system with logical constraints	Refutation-based fact-checking; iterative prompting to reveal constraints; manual verification of suggested code	Technical Demystification
Phase 3: AI as an Object	Critical interrogation of AI outputs from a position of independent judgement	Auditing outputs for encoded bias; learning-by-teaching to expose AI's limits; interrogating AI as a cultural medium	Critical Sovereignty
Phase 4: AI as a Partner	AI as a provocative extension of the learner's own cognition	AI-assisted Socratic questioning; collaborative ideation; cognitive mirroring to surface blind spots	Integrative Agency

Phase	Focal mode of engagement	Illustrative activities	Pedagogical goal
Phase 1: AI as a Tool	Operational use of AI for immediate task completion	Information retrieval; basic arithmetic; word-level translation; simple image generation	Operational Fluency
Phase 2: AI as a Machine	Understanding AI as a probabilistic system with logical constraints	Refutation-based fact-checking; iterative prompting to reveal constraints; manual verification of suggested code	Technical Demystification
Phase 3: AI as an Object	Critical interrogation of AI outputs from a position of independent judgement	Auditing outputs for encoded bias; learning-by-teaching to expose AI's limits; interrogating AI as a cultural medium	Critical Sovereignty
Phase 4: AI as a Partner	AI as a provocative extension of the learner's own cognition	AI-assisted Socratic questioning; collaborative ideation; cognitive mirroring to surface blind spots	Integrative Agency

Source(s): Author's own work