Items used to construct the variable scores, operationalization, and score construction methodology
| Item | Scale | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Use of GenAI (USE). I use the following GenAI tools: USE1: ChatGPT; USE2: Gemini; USE3: Microsoft Copilot; USE4: Perplexity; USE5: Other | Ordinal scale: 0 = Never; 1 = Once; 2 = Several times a year; 3 = Several times a month; 4 = Several times a week; 5 = Every day | USE = max{USE1, USE2, USE3, USE4, USE5} |
| Technological optimism (OPTI). Technological advances generate: OPTI1 = Progress; OPTI2 = Wealth; OPTI3 = Efficiency; OPTI4 = Well-being | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Technological scepticism (SCEP). Technological advances generate: SCEP1 = Dehumanisation; SCEP2 = Inequality; SCEP3 = Risks; SCEP4 = Loss of control; SCEP5 = Unemployment | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Innovativeness (INNOV). Indicate your level of willingness to: INNOV1 = Undergo a medical operation performed by a robot; INNOV2 = Travel in an autonomous car; INNOV3 = Talk to an artificial intelligence system, for example, an information service | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Technological insecurity (INSEC). State your degree of agreement with the following statements concerning the risks associated with providing personal data online: INSEC1 = Your data may be used without your knowledge; INSEC2 = Your identity may be stolen; INSEC3 = Your personal safety may be at risk; INSEC4 = You may become a victim of fraud; INSEC5 = Your reputation may be damaged | From 1 = completely disagree to 4 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Usefulness for the economy (ECU). GenAI has positive effects on: ECU1 = The labour market; ECU2 = Industry; ECU3 = Agriculture; ECU4 = The economy | From 1 = disagree to 3 = agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Perceived risks of GenAI (RISK). GenAI has the following negative effects: RISK1 = It may be used to spread misinformation and hoaxes; RISK2 = It may facilitate the commission of crimes or illegal acts; RISK3 = It may lead to greater global inequality; RISK4 = It may be a threat to humanity | From 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Knowledge of artificial intelligence (KNOW): KNOW1 = Rate your knowledge of and familiarity with artificial intelligence | From 1 = no knowledge to 10 = maximum possible knowledge | Standardised value of the response |
| Perceived need for AI regulation (NREG). Indicate your degree of agreement with the following statements: NREG1 = The training of GenAI must be regulated; NREG2 = Companies and organisations should disclose when they use AI instead of human beings; NREG3 = The use of AI should be regulated; NREG4 = AI damages intellectual property; NREG5 = Implementing ethical standards and legal safeguards for AI is one of the most important challenges | From 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Sex (SEX) | 0 for women and 1 for men | Dummy variable |
| Age group (OLD) | 0 = Generation Y or younger (age ≤45 years); 1 = Generation X or older (age ≥46 years) | Dummy variable |
| Type of activity (ACT) | 0 = manual or trade-based occupations (e.g. artisans, retailers, installers); 1 = knowledge-intensive or administrative occupations (e.g. liberal professionals, scientists, managers) | Dummy variable |
| Educational attainment (ED) | 0 = No completed university education (secondary education or vocational training at most); 1 = completed university education (bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degree) | Dummy variable |
| Item | Scale | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Use of GenAI (USE). I use the following GenAI tools: USE1: ChatGPT; USE2: Gemini; USE3: Microsoft Copilot; USE4: Perplexity; USE5: Other | Ordinal scale: 0 = Never; 1 = Once; 2 = Several times a year; 3 = Several times a month; 4 = Several times a week; 5 = Every day | USE = max{USE1, USE2, USE3, USE4, USE5} |
| Technological optimism (OPTI). Technological advances generate: OPTI1 = Progress; OPTI2 = Wealth; OPTI3 = Efficiency; OPTI4 = Well-being | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Technological scepticism (SCEP). Technological advances generate: SCEP1 = Dehumanisation; SCEP2 = Inequality; SCEP3 = Risks; SCEP4 = Loss of control; SCEP5 = Unemployment | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Innovativeness (INNOV). Indicate your level of willingness to: INNOV1 = Undergo a medical operation performed by a robot; INNOV2 = Travel in an autonomous car; INNOV3 = Talk to an artificial intelligence system, for example, an information service | From 1 = completely disagree to 10 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Technological insecurity (INSEC). State your degree of agreement with the following statements concerning the risks associated with providing personal data online: INSEC1 = Your data may be used without your knowledge; INSEC2 = Your identity may be stolen; INSEC3 = Your personal safety may be at risk; INSEC4 = You may become a victim of fraud; INSEC5 = Your reputation may be damaged | From 1 = completely disagree to 4 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Usefulness for the economy (ECU). GenAI has positive effects on: ECU1 = The labour market; ECU2 = Industry; ECU3 = Agriculture; ECU4 = The economy | From 1 = disagree to 3 = agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Perceived risks of GenAI (RISK). GenAI has the following negative effects: RISK1 = It may be used to spread misinformation and hoaxes; RISK2 = It may facilitate the commission of crimes or illegal acts; RISK3 = It may lead to greater global inequality; RISK4 = It may be a threat to humanity | From 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Knowledge of artificial intelligence (KNOW): KNOW1 = Rate your knowledge of and familiarity with artificial intelligence | From 1 = no knowledge to 10 = maximum possible knowledge | Standardised value of the response |
| Perceived need for AI regulation (NREG). Indicate your degree of agreement with the following statements: NREG1 = The training of GenAI must be regulated; NREG2 = Companies and organisations should disclose when they use AI instead of human beings; NREG3 = The use of AI should be regulated; NREG4 = AI damages intellectual property; NREG5 = Implementing ethical standards and legal safeguards for AI is one of the most important challenges | From 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree | Standardised value of the first principal component |
| Sex (SEX) | 0 for women and 1 for men | Dummy variable |
| Age group (OLD) | 0 = Generation Y or younger (age ≤45 years); 1 = Generation X or older (age ≥46 years) | Dummy variable |
| Type of activity (ACT) | 0 = manual or trade-based occupations (e.g. artisans, retailers, installers); 1 = knowledge-intensive or administrative occupations (e.g. liberal professionals, scientists, managers) | Dummy variable |
| Educational attainment (ED) | 0 = No completed university education (secondary education or vocational training at most); 1 = completed university education (bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degree) | Dummy variable |
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