Table 4 Ethical challenges as themes... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Ethical challenges as themes from the thematic coding with second order codes and indicative authors/articles

Challenges (as themes)	Excerpts from the coding manual (second order codes)	Indicative authors and articles
Objectivity	Objectivity, Bias, Neutrality, Discrimination, Human Design Flaws, Origin of Biases; Big Data Sampling, Value-laden Algorithms, Information Overload and Cognition	Agostino and Sidorova (2017), Arnaboldi et al. (2017a), Buhmann et al. (2019), Daugherty et al. (2019), Elsbach and Stigliani (2019), Gröschl et al. (2017), Kellogg et al. (2020), Leicht-Deobald et al. (2019), Lewis and Young (2019), Pennington et al. (2016), Sánchez-Medina et al. (2017), Wright and Schultz (2018)
Privacy	Data protection, Regulation, GDPR, Sensitivity of Data, Data Loss, Data Awareness, Cybercrime and Fraud, Explainability of Data and Intellectual Property Rights	Alles (2015), Andrew and Baker (2019, 2020), Arthur and Owen (2019), Baker and Andrew (2019), Cai (2021), Gepp et al. (2018), Martin (2015, 2019a, b), Martin et al. (2019), Qin et al. (2017), Shilton and Greene (2017), Tuttle et al. (2015), Warren et al. (2015), West (2019), Wright and Xie (2017)
Transparency	Transparency, Decision-making Path, Black Boxes, Uncovering Biases; Transparency Regulations, Corporate Secrecy, Explainability of Processes, Traceability, Inscrutable algorithms and Reproducibility	Albu and Flyverbom (2016), Arnaboldi et al. (2017b), Bol et al. (2016), Buhmann et al. (2019), Cortese and Andrew (2020), Coslor (2016), Glikson and Woolley (2020), Kemper and Kolkman (2019), Kerr (2019), Leicht-Deobald et al. (2019), Lewis and Young (2019), Martin (2019b), Martin (2020), Mehrpouya and Salles-Djelic (2019), Munoko et al. (2020), Ristolainen (2017), Robertson et al. (2016), Sun and Vasarhelyi (2018)
Accountability	Accountability, Normative Accountability, Designers' Accountability, Accountability Delegation, Use of Experts, Shared Accountability, Public Accountability, Responsibility and Auditability	Brown et al. (2015), Dillard and Vinnari (2019), Gallhofer et al. (2015), Munoko et al. (2020), Miller and Power (2013), Orlikowski and Scott (2008), Ananny and Crawford (2018), Appelbaum et al. (2020), Arnaboldi et al. (2017b), Arthur and Owen (2019), Bebbington et al. (2019), Brennan et al. (2019), Brown et al. (2015), Buhmann et al. (2019), Dalla Via et al. (2019), Griffith (2020), Lewis et al. (2019), Martin (2019b), Martin et al. (2019), Munoko et al. (2020)
Trustworthiness	Public Opinion, Trust in AI, Awareness of AI, Four Stages of Trust, ABI Trust, Systemic Trust, Human-Machine Relationship, Influencer, Emotions, Virtual Appearance, Humanisation of AI, Trust as Antecedent and Trust as Moderator	Adelopo and Rufai (2018), Alarcon et al. (2018), Chaidali and Jones (2017), Cui and Jiao (2019), Davenport and Kokina (2017), Etzioni (2017), Glikson and Woolley (2020), Jarrahi (2018), Jeacle and Carter (2011), Leitner-Hanetseder et al. (2021), Long and Sitkin (2018), Mahama and Chua (2016), Martin (2018), Mayer et al. (1995), Thorpe and Roper (2017), Whelan (2018)

Challenges (as themes)	Excerpts from the coding manual (second order codes)	Indicative authors and articles
Objectivity	Objectivity, Bias, Neutrality, Discrimination, Human Design Flaws, Origin of Biases; Big Data Sampling, Value-laden Algorithms, Information Overload and Cognition	Agostino and Sidorova (2017), Arnaboldi et al. (2017a), Buhmann et al. (2019), Daugherty et al. (2019), Elsbach and Stigliani (2019), Gröschl et al. (2017), Kellogg et al. (2020), Leicht-Deobald et al. (2019), Lewis and Young (2019), Pennington et al. (2016), Sánchez-Medina et al. (2017), Wright and Schultz (2018)
Privacy	Data protection, Regulation, GDPR, Sensitivity of Data, Data Loss, Data Awareness, Cybercrime and Fraud, Explainability of Data and Intellectual Property Rights	Alles (2015), Andrew and Baker (2019, 2020), Arthur and Owen (2019), Baker and Andrew (2019), Cai (2021), Gepp et al. (2018), Martin (2015, 2019a, b), Martin et al. (2019), Qin et al. (2017), Shilton and Greene (2017), Tuttle et al. (2015), Warren et al. (2015), West (2019), Wright and Xie (2017)
Transparency	Transparency, Decision-making Path, Black Boxes, Uncovering Biases; Transparency Regulations, Corporate Secrecy, Explainability of Processes, Traceability, Inscrutable algorithms and Reproducibility	Albu and Flyverbom (2016), Arnaboldi et al. (2017b), Bol et al. (2016), Buhmann et al. (2019), Cortese and Andrew (2020), Coslor (2016), Glikson and Woolley (2020), Kemper and Kolkman (2019), Kerr (2019), Leicht-Deobald et al. (2019), Lewis and Young (2019), Martin (2019b), Martin (2020), Mehrpouya and Salles-Djelic (2019), Munoko et al. (2020), Ristolainen (2017), Robertson et al. (2016), Sun and Vasarhelyi (2018)
Accountability	Accountability, Normative Accountability, Designers' Accountability, Accountability Delegation, Use of Experts, Shared Accountability, Public Accountability, Responsibility and Auditability	Brown et al. (2015), Dillard and Vinnari (2019), Gallhofer et al. (2015), Munoko et al. (2020), Miller and Power (2013), Orlikowski and Scott (2008), Ananny and Crawford (2018), Appelbaum et al. (2020), Arnaboldi et al. (2017b), Arthur and Owen (2019), Bebbington et al. (2019), Brennan et al. (2019), Brown et al. (2015), Buhmann et al. (2019), Dalla Via et al. (2019), Griffith (2020), Lewis et al. (2019), Martin (2019b), Martin et al. (2019), Munoko et al. (2020)
Trustworthiness	Public Opinion, Trust in AI, Awareness of AI, Four Stages of Trust, ABI Trust, Systemic Trust, Human-Machine Relationship, Influencer, Emotions, Virtual Appearance, Humanisation of AI, Trust as Antecedent and Trust as Moderator	Adelopo and Rufai (2018), Alarcon et al. (2018), Chaidali and Jones (2017), Cui and Jiao (2019), Davenport and Kokina (2017), Etzioni (2017), Glikson and Woolley (2020), Jarrahi (2018), Jeacle and Carter (2011), Leitner-Hanetseder et al. (2021), Long and Sitkin (2018), Mahama and Chua (2016), Martin (2018), Mayer et al. (1995), Thorpe and Roper (2017), Whelan (2018)