Table I

Elements of food integrity

Elements of food integrityExamples
Product integrityAdulteration and economically motivated adulteration (EMA), counterfeit product, expiration date, simulation, tampering
Process integrityDiversion of products outside of intended markets, illegal importation, over-run, theft
People integrityCharacterizations such as the cyber criminals and hacktivist, disgruntled individual, extortionist, extremist, irrational individual, opportunist, professional criminal
Data integrityIllegal importation, improper, fraudulent, missing or absent health certificates, improper, expired, fraudulent or missing common entry documents or import declarations, mislabelling

Sources: Adapted from Bouzembrak and Marvin (2016); PAS 96 (2014); Spink and Moyer (2011a, b) Manning (2016) 

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