Summary of MNE investment motives by region and city Tier 2000–2021
| FDI motives | Automotive MNEs | Commercial banking MNEs | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home region | Asia-Pacific | North America | Europe | Europe | |||||||||
| Home country | Japan | USA | Germany | Spain | France | UK | |||||||
| Region | City tier | Mitsubishi | Toyota | GM | Ford | Daimler | Volkswagen | Banco Santander | Crédit Agricole | Société Générale | Barclays | HSBC | Standard chartered |
| Strategic orientation (2000–2013) | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home – Global | Home | Bi-regional (EU/SA) | Home | Home | Home – Bi-regional (EU/NA)5 | Host/Bi-regional (AP/EU)6 | Host (AP)7 | |
| NA | Tier 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NM | SAS | SAS | SAS |
| Tier 2 | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | – | SAS/ES/MS | SAS/NM | SAS | SAS/MS | – | – | – | SAS/MS | – | |
| Tier 3 | – | RS/ES /SAS | – | ES | SAS/RS | ES/RS | – | – | – | SAS | SAS/ES/MS | SAS | |
| EU | Tier 1 | MS | MS/SAS | – | – | SAS/NM | SAS/RS | SAS/ES /MS/NM | SAS/ES /MS | SAS/ES/ NM/MS | SAS | SAS/MS/ES | SAS |
| Tier 2 | SAS | – | MS/NM | ES | RS/SAS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS/ ES | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | SAS/ES | SAS | |
| Tier 3 | SAS/RS | RS/MS | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | SAS/RS/ES | SAS/ES/RS | SAS/MS | SAS/ES/ MS | SAS/MS | SAS | SAS/ES | – | |
| AP | Tier 1 | – | MS/SAS /RS | SAS | – | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | – | ? | – | SAS/NM | SAS | SAS/MS |
| Tier 2 | ES/MS | ES/MS | – | RS/MS/ES | MS/RS/SAS | ES/MS /SAS | – | – | – | SAS/ES/ MS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| Tier 3 | – | ES | SAS | ES | – | ES | – | – | – | MS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| SA | Tier 1 | – | MS/SAS | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | SAS | – | – | – |
| Tier 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | – | SAS/MS | – | – | |
| Tier3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | – | ES | – | – | |
| AM | Tier 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tier 2 | – | – | – | SASMS | – | – | – | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | – | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| Tier 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ? | – | – | SAS/MS | |
| FDI motives | Automotive MNEs | Commercial banking MNEs | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home region | Asia-Pacific | North America | Europe | Europe | |||||||||
| Home country | Japan | USA | Germany | Spain | France | UK | |||||||
| Region | City tier | Mitsubishi | Toyota | GM | Ford | Daimler | Volkswagen | Banco Santander | Crédit Agricole | Société Générale | Barclays | HSBC | Standard chartered |
| Strategic orientation | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home – Global | Home | Bi-regional | Home | Home | Home – | Host/Bi-regional | Host (AP)7 | |
| NA | Tier 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | NM | SAS | SAS | SAS |
| Tier 2 | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | – | SAS/ES/MS | SAS/NM | SAS | SAS/MS | – | – | – | SAS/MS | – | |
| Tier 3 | – | RS/ES | – | ES | SAS/RS | ES/RS | – | – | – | SAS | SAS/ES/MS | SAS | |
| EU | Tier 1 | MS | MS/SAS | – | – | SAS/NM | SAS/RS | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | SAS/ES/ | SAS | SAS/MS/ES | SAS |
| Tier 2 | SAS | – | MS/NM | ES | RS/SAS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS/ | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | SAS/ES | SAS | |
| Tier 3 | SAS/RS | RS/MS | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | SAS/RS/ES | SAS/ES/RS | SAS/MS | SAS/ES/ | SAS/MS | SAS | SAS/ES | – | |
| AP | Tier 1 | – | MS/SAS | SAS | – | SAS/ES | SAS/ES | – | ? | – | SAS/NM | SAS | SAS/MS |
| Tier 2 | ES/MS | ES/MS | – | RS/MS/ES | MS/RS/SAS | ES/MS | – | – | – | SAS/ES/ | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| Tier 3 | – | ES | SAS | ES | – | ES | – | – | – | MS | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| SA | Tier 1 | – | MS/SAS | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | SAS | – | – | – |
| Tier 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | – | SAS/MS | – | – | |
| Tier3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | SAS | – | – | ES | – | – | |
| AM | Tier 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tier 2 | – | – | – | SASMS | – | – | – | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | – | SAS/MS | SAS/MS | |
| Tier 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ? | – | – | SAS/MS | |
Notes:
SAS: Strategic asset seeking; MS: Market seeking; ES: Efficiency seeking; RS: Resource seeking;
See Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_3_-_Table_S1a_Investments_in_Tier_1_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_4_-_Table_S1b_Investments_in_Tier_1_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_5_-_Table_S2a_Investments_in_Tier_2_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_6_-_Table_S2b_Investments_in_Tier_2_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_7_-_Table_S3a_Investments_in_Tier_3_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, and Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_8_-_Table_S3b_Investments_in_Tier_3_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs for the underlying analytical tables showing detailed information about individual investments by city tier and region for the automotive and commercial banking MNEs