Table 4.

Summary of MNE investment motives by region and city Tier 2000–2021

FDI motivesAutomotive MNEsCommercial banking MNEs
Home regionAsia-PacificNorth AmericaEuropeEurope
Home countryJapanUSAGermanySpainFranceUK
RegionCity tierMitsubishiToyotaGMFordDaimlerVolkswagenBanco SantanderCrédit AgricoleSociété GénéraleBarclaysHSBCStandard chartered
Strategic orientation
(2000–2013)
HomeHomeHomeHomeHome – GlobalHomeBi-regional
(EU/SA)
HomeHomeHome –
Bi-regional
(EU/NA)5
Host/Bi-regional
(AP/EU)6
Host (AP)7
NATier 1NMSASSASSAS
Tier 2SAS/ESSAS/ESSAS/ES/MSSAS/NMSASSAS/MSSAS/MS
Tier 3RS/ES
/SAS
ESSAS/RSES/RSSASSAS/ES/MSSAS
EUTier 1MSMS/SASSAS/NMSAS/RSSAS/ES
/MS/NM
SAS/ES
/MS
SAS/ES/
NM/MS
SASSAS/MS/ESSAS
Tier 2SASMS/NMESRS/SASSAS/MSSAS/MSSAS/MS/
ES
SAS/MSSAS/MSSAS/ESSAS
Tier 3SAS/RSRS/MSSAS/ESSAS/ESSAS/RS/ESSAS/ES/RSSAS/MSSAS/ES/
MS
SAS/MSSASSAS/ES
APTier 1MS/SAS
/RS
SASSAS/ESSAS/ES?SAS/NMSASSAS/MS
Tier 2ES/MSES/MSRS/MS/ESMS/RS/SASES/MS
/SAS
SAS/ES/
MS
SAS/MSSAS/MS
Tier 3ESSASESESMSSAS/MSSAS/MS
SATier 1MS/SASSASSAS
Tier 2SASSAS/MS
Tier3SASES
AMTier 1
Tier 2SASMSSAS/MSSAS/MSSAS/MSSAS/MS
Tier 3?SAS/MS

Notes:

SAS: Strategic asset seeking; MS: Market seeking; ES: Efficiency seeking; RS: Resource seeking;

See Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_3_-_Table_S1a_Investments_in_Tier_1_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_4_-_Table_S1b_Investments_in_Tier_1_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_5_-_Table_S2a_Investments_in_Tier_2_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_6_-_Table_S2b_Investments_in_Tier_2_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs, Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_7_-_Table_S3a_Investments_in_Tier_3_Cities_by_Automotive_MNEs, and Supplementary_Online_Materials_Document_8_-_Table_S3b_Investments_in_Tier_3_Cities_by_Commercial_Banking_MNEs for the underlying analytical tables showing detailed information about individual investments by city tier and region for the automotive and commercial banking MNEs

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