Table 1. Competitiveness: levels of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Competitiveness: levels of analysis

Level	Definition	Papers
Country	“The set of institutions and economic policies supportive of high rates of economic growth in the medium term.” “set of institutions, market structures, and economic policies supportive of high current levels of prosperity” (Porter et al., 2002, p. 16)	(Baumann et al., 2019), (Braja and Gemzik-Salwach, 2019), (Kubickova, 2019), (Peña-Vinces et al., 2019), (Salas-Velasco, 2019), (Cárdenas et al., 2018), (Kiseľáková et al., 2018), (Wei and Nguyen, 2017), (Smit et al., 2017), (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2008), (Yamakawa et al., 2008), (Hausmann et al., 2007), (Acemoglu and Johnson, 2005), (Rodrik et al., 2004), (Hitt et al., 2004)
Country	“the degree to which a nation can, under free trade and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its people over the long-term.” (OECD, 1992. p. 237)
Firm	“The capability of firms engaged in value-added activities in a specific industry in a particular country to sustain this value-added over long periods of time in spite of international competition.” (Moon et al., 1998, p. 139)	(Mihailova et al., 2020), (Zhu et al., 2019), (Hu et al., 2019), (Fernández-Méndez et al., 2018), (Estrin et al., 2018), (Mingo et al., 2018), (Manolopoulos et al., 2018), (Brandl et al., 2018), (Cuervo-Cazurra et al., 2018), (Banalieva et al., 2018), (Marano et al., 2017), (Bilgili et al., 2016), (Hoffman et al., 2016)

Level	Definition	Papers
Country	“The set of institutions and economic policies supportive of high rates of economic growth in the medium term.” “set of institutions, market structures, and economic policies supportive of high current levels of prosperity” (Porter et al., 2002, p. 16)	(Baumann et al., 2019), (Braja and Gemzik-Salwach, 2019), (Kubickova, 2019), (Peña-Vinces et al., 2019), (Salas-Velasco, 2019), (Cárdenas et al., 2018), (Kiseľáková et al., 2018), (Wei and Nguyen, 2017), (Smit et al., 2017), (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2008), (Yamakawa et al., 2008), (Hausmann et al., 2007), (Acemoglu and Johnson, 2005), (Rodrik et al., 2004), (Hitt et al., 2004)
Country	“the degree to which a nation can, under free trade and fair market conditions, produce goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its people over the long-term.” (OECD, 1992. p. 237)
Firm	“The capability of firms engaged in value-added activities in a specific industry in a particular country to sustain this value-added over long periods of time in spite of international competition.” (Moon et al., 1998, p. 139)	(Mihailova et al., 2020), (Zhu et al., 2019), (Hu et al., 2019), (Fernández-Méndez et al., 2018), (Estrin et al., 2018), (Mingo et al., 2018), (Manolopoulos et al., 2018), (Brandl et al., 2018), (Cuervo-Cazurra et al., 2018), (Banalieva et al., 2018), (Marano et al., 2017), (Bilgili et al., 2016), (Hoffman et al., 2016)

Source: Author's elaboration, based on Buitrago R and Barbosa Camargo, 2021