Table 3.

Variables and dimensions of institutional quality

Var_NameDescriptionDimension
fsi_feFactionalized elitesSystemic
fsi_ggGroup grievance
fsi_eiEconomic inequality
fsi_slState legitimacy
gci_prProperty rights
gci_ippIntellectual property protection
gci_bgrBurden of government regulation
gci_artAvailability of research and training services
gci_eapEffectiveness of anti-monopoly policy
gci_pfoPrevalence of foreign ownership
gci_birBusiness impact of rules on FDI
fsi_bdHuman flight and brain drainResources
fsi_psPublic services
gci_ciCapacity for innovation
gci_qriQuality of scientific research institutions
gci_csrCompany spending on R&D
gci_uicUniversity-industry collaboration in R&D
gci_aseAvailability of scientists and engineers
gci_qiQuality of overall infrastructure
gci_qesQuality of the education system
gci_qmsQuality of math and science education
gci_flmFinancing through local equity market
gci_vcaVenture capital availability
gci_altAvailability of latest technologies
gci_ftfFDI and technology transfer
gci_dpfDiversion of public fundsPolitical
gci_ptpPublic trust in politicians
gci_fdgFavoritism in decisions of government officials
gci_tgpTransparency of government policymaking
Source: Author's elaboration

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