Table 4.

Collinearity statistics (collinearity assessment approach)

Scale and itemsCollinearity statistics (VIF)
Product innovation 
Medical treatments1.383
Medical equipment or instruments1.186
Non-medical equipment or instruments1.559
Services used by patients or other citizens1.275
Other services or products1.428
Process innovation 
Treatment program or therapeutic strategy1.341
Diagnostic methods1.233
Guidelines for coordinating care of individual patients1.632
Methods for involving patients/relatives in decision making1.601
Methods for engaging patients in their own care1.646
Methods for reducing waiting times1.394
Service operations1.441
Other methods for production of services and products1.271
Organizational innovation 
Organization of operational responsibilities or decision making1.269
Management control systems for improved efficiency and better results1.461
Systems for collecting and treating knowledge and information1.238
Education or training systems for staff and management1.323
Measures for reducing the administrative burden on medical staff1.224
Cooperation between municipality and county council1.307
Other methods for organizing work1.554
Communicative innovation 
Promotion of the organization and its services1.341
Improving communication with patients/relatives1.574
Involving patients/relatives in decision making1.676
Promoting a healthier lifestyle among patients1.351
Promoting communication between staff and non-Swedish-speaking patients1.265
Promoting communication between municipality and county council1.549
Promoting communication between employees1.828
Other forms of promotion1.675
External effectiveness 
Options for providing care to a broader patient group1.457
Quicker and/or better patient recovery2.299
More efficient treatment2.186
Quicker treatment2.073
Reduced suffering2.458
Improved patient safety2.131
Improved patient access to information1.661
Improved self-determination for patients/relatives2.696
Internal efficiency 
Reducing healthcare staffs administrative burden1.264
Using resources more efficiently1.419
Reducing costs1.485
Customer participation 
Involving patients/relatives to identify problems and possible solutions1.267
Involving patients/relatives in testing and introducing innovations1.267
Acceptable (VIF < 10) 
Sources: Table developed by the author. The results presented were derived from a statistical analysis by the author of data provided by Statistics Sweden using SPSS software (version 26)

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