Key findings
| Author | Key findings | Statistical test | Strength of effect | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akter et al. (2019) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.23 (WLB policies and perceived performance) r = 0.39 (WLB policies and profit margin) | 0.04–0.12 |
| Akter et al. (2021) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.20 (WLB policies and operating revenue) r = 0.29 (WLB policies and net income) | 0.15–0.51 |
| Ali and French (2019) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance only when moderator is used | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.23 (WLB policies and ROA, when moderator is used) | 0.12 |
| Avgar et al. (2011) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.131 (WLB policies and financial performance) | 0.017 |
| Bae and Skaggs (2017) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Panel data methods | NA | NA |
| Baker et al. (2021) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.231 (WLB policies and operating revenue) r = 0.217 (WLB policies and profit before tax) | 0.103–0.106 |
| Berkery et al. (2017) | Significant associations between bundles of WLB policies and financial performance | Hierarchical cluster analysis | NA | NA |
| Berkery et al. (2020) | Flexible working hours has a positive effect and working from home has a negative effect on financial performance | Path analysis | r = −0.13 (Home based work and profitability) r = 0.26 (Flexible working arrangements and profitability) | 0.185 |
| Bloom et al. (2011) | WLB policies are only positively correlated with better financial performance if management quality omitted | Hierarchical multiple regression | NA | NA |
| Giardini and Kabst (2008) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA |
| Klindžić and Marić (2019) | Working from home has positive effect on financial performance | Chi-square test | p = 0.085 (Home based work and productivity) | NA |
| Kotey and Koomson (2019) | Positive and negative effects of specific WLB policies on financial performance | Multi-level analyses | B = −0.16 - 0.1 (Flexible working arrangements and ROL for all firm size group) B = −0.05 - 0.15 (Job sharing and ROL for all firm size group) B = −0.15 - 0.03 (Time in lieau and ROL for all firm size group) B = −0.09 to −0.03 (FLexi leave and ROL for all firm size group) B = −0.05 - 0.06 (Banking hours and ROL for all firm size group) | NA |
| Lee and DeVoe (2012) | Positive and negative effects of flexible working hours on financial performance | Fixed effects regression analysis | r = −0.301 - 0.185 (Flexible working hours and profits) r = −0.025 - 0.015 (Flexible working hours and revenue) | 0.47–0.94 |
| Liu and Wang (2011) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA |
| Martínez-León et al. (2019) | Positive effects of flexible working hours on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.288 (Time reduction practices and ROA) r = 0.189 (Flexible working arrangements and ROCE) r = 0.124 (Flexible working arrangements and ROA) | 0.223–0245 |
| Ngo et al. (2009) | WLB policies have significant impact on financial performance only through organizational climate | Structural equation modeling | NA | NA |
| Odriozola and Baraibar-Diez (2018) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA |
| Perry-Smith and Blum (2000) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Multivariate analysis of covariance | F = 3.51–4.07 | NA |
| Shin and Enoh (2020) | Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.01 (WLB policies and profitability) | 0.92 |
| Whyman and Petrescu (2015) | Negative effect of part-time work and working from home on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = −0.82 (Part time work and financial turnover) r = −0.725 (Home based work and financial turnover) | 0.34 |
| Wilkin and Connelly (2015) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on ROA after 4 years. Positive relationship between WLB policies and ROA after 2 years | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.25 (WLB policies and ROA) | 0.27–0.57 |
| Wood and de Menezes (2010) | Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA |
| Author | Key findings | Statistical test | Strength of effect | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.23 (WLB policies and perceived performance) | 0.04–0.12 | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.20 (WLB policies and operating revenue) | 0.15–0.51 | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance only when moderator is used | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.23 (WLB policies and ROA, when moderator is used) | 0.12 | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.131 (WLB policies and financial performance) | 0.017 | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Panel data methods | NA | NA | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = 0.231 (WLB policies and operating revenue) | 0.103–0.106 | |
| Significant associations between bundles of WLB policies and financial performance | Hierarchical cluster analysis | NA | NA | |
| Flexible working hours has a positive effect and working from home has a negative effect on financial performance | Path analysis | r = −0.13 (Home based work and profitability) | 0.185 | |
| WLB policies are only positively correlated with better financial performance if management quality omitted | Hierarchical multiple regression | NA | NA | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA | |
| Working from home has positive effect on financial performance | Chi-square test | NA | ||
| Positive and negative effects of specific WLB policies on financial performance | Multi-level analyses | B = −0.16 - 0.1 (Flexible working arrangements and ROL for all firm size group) | NA | |
| Positive and negative effects of flexible working hours on financial performance | Fixed effects regression analysis | r = −0.301 - 0.185 (Flexible working hours and profits) | 0.47–0.94 | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA | |
| Positive effects of flexible working hours on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.288 (Time reduction practices and ROA) | 0.223–0245 | |
| WLB policies have significant impact on financial performance only through organizational climate | Structural equation modeling | NA | NA | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Multivariate analysis of covariance | F = 3.51–4.07 | NA | |
| Positive effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.01 (WLB policies and profitability) | 0.92 | |
| Negative effect of part-time work and working from home on financial performance | Hierarchical multiple regression | r = −0.82 (Part time work and financial turnover) | 0.34 | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on ROA after 4 years. Positive relationship between WLB policies and ROA after 2 years | Hierarchical linear regression | r = 0.25 (WLB policies and ROA) | 0.27–0.57 | |
| Non-significant effect of WLB policies on financial performance | Hierarchical linear regression | NA | NA |
Source(s): Authors own creation