Table A1.

Literature review

StudyContext and researchCrisisCrowINTTrustRISKREPMOTOthers
SpatialHumanOverallOther ProfilesSectorComp.Staff
Our studyCruise (533 Italian cruisers)SurveyX X ShipscapeXXXXXXXSelf-confidence, familiarity, past experience
Ávila-Foucat et al. (2013) Vessel (410 whale watching tourists)Survey   X X      Conservation attitude
Her and Seo (2018) Restaurant (248 solo diners)Survey  X  X     XAnticipated loneliness; evaluation
Hwang et al. (2012) Restaurant (61 students)Experiment  X  X      Emotions: pleasure, arousal and dominance; desire for privacy
Hwang et al. (2020) Restaurant (181 US solo consumers)Experiment  X  X     XPower and promotional cues
Hyun and Kim (2015) Cruise (342 luxury cruisers)Survey XX        XNeed for uniqueness
Jang et al. (2015) Restaurant (500 consumers)Experiment  X  X  X XXPower
Kim et al. (2016) Festival (423 visitors)Survey XX         Emotions: negative and positive
Kwortnik (2008) Cruise (260 cruisers)Grounded theory XXXShipscapeX     X 
Mahadevan and Chang (2017) Cruise (162 Canadian consumers)Experiment    ShipscapeX    X Attitude to cruise
Noone and Mattila (2009) Restaurant (198 students)Experiment XXX X    XXGoal (utilitarian/edonic)
Pikkemaat et al. (2020) Sky area (27 in-depth interviews)Indeph interviews X XSkiscape (restaurant)      XDemographics/ski level/social behaviour
Pons et al. (2006) Disco (226 Canadian undergraduates and 244
Lebanese undergraduates)
Survey X (personal space)X         National culture
Song and Noone (2017) Restaurant (215 individuals)Experiment X      X   Perceived service encounter/ perceived pace
Tse et al. (2002) Restaurant (300 inhabitants)Semi-experiment   X      X  
Zehrer and Raich (2016) Winter sport setting (285 visitors)Survey   X         

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