Table 2. Description of input data and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Description of input data and emission factors of emission sources (physical activity data)

Scope	Emission source	Input data and assumptions	Emissions factors	Activity and unit [× 1,000]
Scope 1	Natural gas	Obtained from the university’s Energy team and the TU Delft’s Energy monitor website (TU Delft, 2018a). Data were divided into TU Delft’s consumption and energy supply to third parties on campus	Well-to-wheel emission factors are used, including energy production and related processes until the energy carrier gets to the point of use and the energy use itself. Emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018), yearly published and updated for the Netherlands	9,271 m³
Scope 2	Electricity	Obtained from the university’s Energy team and the TU Delft’s Energy monitor website (TU Delft, 2018a). Data were divided into TU Delft’s own consumption and the supply of energy to third parties on campus	Well-to-wheel emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018). The emission factor for electricity purchased from a wind farm is LCA-based. The same applies to the generation of electricity by PV panels	53,644 kWh purchased
Scope 3	Business flights	Obtained from the university’s travel agency	Emission factors comprise energy production and use and differ according to the flight distance: Regional flights (< 700 km), European flights (700–2,500 km) and Intercontinental flights (> 2,500 km). Moreover, a detour factor is included, considering that flights usually have to make detours before landing or because of weather conditions. Also, a radiative forcing factor of 2 is included, accounting for the climate effects of non-CO₂ GHGs at high altitudes. Emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018) and Otten et al. (2015)	33,333 passengerkm
Scope 3	Commuting by staff and students	According to an internal survey, 44% of TU Delft employees cycle to campus, 32% arrive by car, 17% take public transport and 5% use carpools, e-bikes, motorbikes, scooters or walk (van de Klugt et al., 2018). In all, 40% of employees live in Delft. Those employees and those living up to 6 km from the campus are assumed to cycle or walk to work. In 2018, the average distance to campus was 14.5 km in a beeline, corrected by a factor of 1.2 to account for route detours (Blom and van den Dobbelsteen, 2019). It is estimated that 2.3% of students arrive at the campus by car; the rest cycle or take a train. The average distance to campus for students was 16 km in a beeline, also corrected by a factor of 1.2. Blom and van den Dobbelsteen (2019) assume that employees travel to the campus 44 weeks per year, making ten trips a week; students travel to campus 42 weeks a year, making eight trips per week	The given shares of transportation modes and the corresponding emission factors were applied to the traveled kilometers. Based on the Dutch average, emission factors for fossil-fuel cars include the share of different car types (petrol, diesel, LPG, electric and hybrids). Emission factors are well-to-wheel for all transportation modes and are taken from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018) and Stichting Stimular (2018)	Fossil fuel car: 16,946 vehiclekm Carpool: 830 passengerkm Motorcycle: 415 km Scooter: 415 km Train: 5,810 passengerkm Other public transport: 1,245 passengerkm Bike: 18,261 passengerkm Walk: 830 passengerkm
Scope 3	Energy supply to third parties on campus	See Natural gas and Electricity	See Natural gas and Electricity	Natural gas: 1,873 m³ Electricity: 14,669 kWh
Scope 3	Waste	Obtained from the Facility Management Department. Furthermore, the waste handling company, which includes avoided CO₂ emission calculations in its annual reports for TU Delft, was approached. In all, 14 waste streams are collected at TU Delft[²]	Emission factors differ for each waste stream and its further processing: recycling, combustion or landfill. After considering and comparing the waste company's emission factors with those in the literature (Turner et al., 2015), the authors decided to use the former, as they matched exactly the 14 waste streams [³] and their specific processing and, thus, increase calculation precision. Emission factors include emissions from logistics and transportation, sorting, processing and avoided production for recycling. For combustion, emission factors include emissions from logistics and transportation, processing and avoided energy/products	2,789 t
Scope 3	Water	Obtained from the Energy team and through the Energy monitor website	The energy input for the sewage plant and the distribution network are included in the emission factor from Pulselli et al. (2019)	167 m³

Scope	Emission source	Input data and assumptions	Emissions factors	Activity and unit [× 1,000]
Scope 1	Natural gas	Obtained from the university’s Energy team and the TU Delft’s Energy monitor website (TU Delft, 2018a). Data were divided into TU Delft’s consumption and energy supply to third parties on campus	Well-to-wheel emission factors are used, including energy production and related processes until the energy carrier gets to the point of use and the energy use itself. Emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018), yearly published and updated for the Netherlands	9,271 m³
Scope 2	Electricity	Obtained from the university’s Energy team and the TU Delft’s Energy monitor website (TU Delft, 2018a). Data were divided into TU Delft’s own consumption and the supply of energy to third parties on campus	Well-to-wheel emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018). The emission factor for electricity purchased from a wind farm is LCA-based. The same applies to the generation of electricity by PV panels	53,644 kWh purchased
Scope 3	Business flights	Obtained from the university’s travel agency	Emission factors comprise energy production and use and differ according to the flight distance: Regional flights (< 700 km), European flights (700–2,500 km) and Intercontinental flights (> 2,500 km). Moreover, a detour factor is included, considering that flights usually have to make detours before landing or because of weather conditions. Also, a radiative forcing factor of 2 is included, accounting for the climate effects of non-CO₂ GHGs at high altitudes. Emission factors from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018) and Otten et al. (2015)	33,333 passengerkm
Scope 3	Commuting by staff and students	According to an internal survey, 44% of TU Delft employees cycle to campus, 32% arrive by car, 17% take public transport and 5% use carpools, e-bikes, motorbikes, scooters or walk (van de Klugt et al., 2018). In all, 40% of employees live in Delft. Those employees and those living up to 6 km from the campus are assumed to cycle or walk to work. In 2018, the average distance to campus was 14.5 km in a beeline, corrected by a factor of 1.2 to account for route detours (Blom and van den Dobbelsteen, 2019). It is estimated that 2.3% of students arrive at the campus by car; the rest cycle or take a train. The average distance to campus for students was 16 km in a beeline, also corrected by a factor of 1.2. Blom and van den Dobbelsteen (2019) assume that employees travel to the campus 44 weeks per year, making ten trips a week; students travel to campus 42 weeks a year, making eight trips per week	The given shares of transportation modes and the corresponding emission factors were applied to the traveled kilometers. Based on the Dutch average, emission factors for fossil-fuel cars include the share of different car types (petrol, diesel, LPG, electric and hybrids). Emission factors are well-to-wheel for all transportation modes and are taken from Milieu Centraal et al. (2018) and Stichting Stimular (2018)	Fossil fuel car: 16,946 vehiclekmCarpool: 830 passengerkmMotorcycle: 415 kmScooter: 415 kmTrain: 5,810 passengerkmOther public transport: 1,245 passengerkmBike: 18,261 passengerkmWalk: 830 passengerkm
Scope 3	Energy supply to third parties on campus	See Natural gas and Electricity	See Natural gas and Electricity	Natural gas: 1,873 m³Electricity: 14,669 kWh
Scope 3	Waste	Obtained from the Facility Management Department. Furthermore, the waste handling company, which includes avoided CO₂ emission calculations in its annual reports for TU Delft, was approached. In all, 14 waste streams are collected at TU Delft[2]	Emission factors differ for each waste stream and its further processing: recycling, combustion or landfill. After considering and comparing the waste company's emission factors with those in the literature (Turner et al., 2015), the authors decided to use the former, as they matched exactly the 14 waste streams [3] and their specific processing and, thus, increase calculation precision. Emission factors include emissions from logistics and transportation, sorting, processing and avoided production for recycling. For combustion, emission factors include emissions from logistics and transportation, processing and avoided energy/products	2,789 t
Scope 3	Water	Obtained from the Energy team and through the Energy monitor website	The energy input for the sewage plant and the distribution network are included in the emission factor from Pulselli et al. (2019)	167 m³