Table 1.

Complex real-world problems and related challenges identified

AuthorComplex real-world problem and related challengesSDGs
Biberhofer et al. (2019) Ecological, social, political and financial crises1, 9, 13, 16
Brown (2012) Impact on climate, significant changes in organisations and social systems8, 9, 11, 13
Coleman (2018) Conflicts in an increasingly challenging world16
De Haan (2010) Loss of biodiversity, climate change, consumption of resources and balance between rich and poor1, 12, 13, 15
Demssie et al. (2019) Climate change, social problems and poverty1, 2, 13
Dentoni et al. (2012) Survival in current global agri-food systems2, 12
Evans (2019) Socio-ecological crises that permeate all facets of human life, institutions and the natural world1, 2, 13–16
Flynn (2014) Complex information and communication technologies8, 9
Giangrande et al. (2019) Loss of biodiversity and climate change13, 15
Glasser and Hirsh (2016) Environmental protection, responsive governance, improved health care, meaningful work, peace, partnership and social justice3, 8, 13–17
Hesselbarth and Schaltegger (2014) Social and ecological problem1, 10, 13–15
Hind et al. (2009) Damage and abuse of all the ecosystems on the planet, from fisheries to forests1, 10, 13–15
Leslie et al. (2018) Inequality within countries10
Macaulay and Lawton (2006) Ethical challenge in public administration16
Malheiro et al. (2019) Fostering of sustainable development and socio-professional ethics in engineering8, 11
Mukhtar et al. (2019) Degradation of ecosystem, loss in biodiversity, depletion and destruction of natural resources, pollution and poverty1, 13–15
Mulder (2017) Challenges to feed the global population2
Nurius (2017) Ensure healthy development for all youth, health gap, family violence, long and productive lives, social isolation, homelessness, social responses to a changing environment, technology for social good, economic inequality and equal opportunity and justice1, 3, 5, 8–10, 16
Ogden et al. (2021) Increase in preventable, non-communicable chronic illness and increasing ethical and professional challenges3
Ortiz-Marcos et al. (2020) Water supply, deforestation, climate change and sanitary issues like COVID-193, 6, 13–15
Osagie et al. (2016) Balance in the environmental, social and business practices12
Palaima and Skaržauskienė (2010) Global warming, destruction of the ozone layer13
Ploum et al. (2017) Education of sustainable entrepreneurs to manage the triple bottom line12
Rieckmann (2012) Range of global social, economic, cultural and ecological changes which in the long term threaten the survival of the human species, societal change, progress of technology and globalisation2, 3, 13–16
Roy et al. (2020) Dams causing an ecological toll that disrupts the flow of water, fish and sediment in rivers14
Sang et al. (2018) Resource shortages and environmental degradation, increasingly serious resource and environmental problems13–15
Sawleshwarkar and Negin (2017) Improving health of the global population in the context of SDGs3
Schellhammer (2016) Conflict/pure survival16
Sharma (2017) Intensified competition, advancing technology, increasing workforce diversity and accelerating complexity8, 10, 12
Shinnaranantana et al. (2013) Balancing planet, people and profit12
Stefl (2008) Increase of people with growing expectations and more complex medical needs with relatively fewer resources3
Steiner et al. (2013) Civic problems (social, economic or environmental issues)1, 8, 13–15
Sumter et al. (2020) Linear production system12
Uhlenbrook and Jong (2012) Water problems6, 14
Valley et al. (2020) Injustices related to the food system5, 8, 10
Valverde (2018) Social problems, access to justice system for the disadvantaged16
Wesselink et al. (2015) Global warming, poverty, hunger and biodiversity decline1, 2, 13, 15
Wiek et al. (2011) Climate change, desertification, poverty, pandemics and war1, 3, 13, 15, 16
Williams (2002)Community safety, poverty, social inclusion, health inequalities, teenage pregnancies, urban regeneration, substance misuse, climate change and homelessness1, 3, 10, 11, 13, 16

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