Table 3. Organizational forms and tools... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Organizational forms and tools for knowledge sharing

	Types of knowledge
Practices	Embrained (individual/ explicit)	Encoded (collective/ explicit)	Embodied (individual/ tacit)	Embedded (collective/ tacit)
Education and training	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Learning by absorbing	Learning by doing	Learning by interacting with others
Adherence to rules, guidelines and social norms	Professional bureaucracy	Institution’s regulatory systems and law Protocols, rules and guidelines	Operating adhocracy	Hospital’s shared systems, routines and social norms
More humane and effective medical care	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Guidelines and recommendations Humanization care programmes Medical ethics manuals	Health-care professionals’ humanizing effort	Networks for the humanization Working groups
Organizational effectiveness and improvement	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Feedback programmes Clinical audit Research and teaching projects Hospital procedures and written rules	Trial-and-error (reinforcement) learning	Informal talking and conversation Working groups Organizational routines Physician community of practice
Patient health-care security and quality of working life	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Risk assessment and management procedures Risk assessment toolkit Risk register	Health-care professionals’ safety behaviours	Organizational risk culture Professional networks for clinical risk prevention and management

	Types of knowledge
Practices	Embrained (individual/ explicit)	Encoded (collective/ explicit)	Embodied (individual/ tacit)	Embedded (collective/ tacit)
Education and training	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Learning by absorbing	Learning by doing	Learning by interacting with others
Adherence to rules, guidelines and social norms	Professional bureaucracy	Institution’s regulatory systems and lawProtocols, rules and guidelines	Operating adhocracy	Hospital’s shared systems, routines and social norms
More humane and effective medical care	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Guidelines and recommendations Humanization care programmesMedical ethics manuals	Health-care professionals’ humanizing effort	Networks for the humanization Working groups
Organizational effectiveness and improvement	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Feedback programmesClinical auditResearch and teaching projects Hospital procedures and written rules	Trial-and-error (reinforcement) learning	Informal talking and conversation Working groups Organizational routines Physician community of practice
Patient health-care security and quality of working life	Health-care professionals’ theoretical knowledge	Risk assessment and management procedures Risk assessment toolkitRisk register	Health-care professionals’ safety behaviours	Organizational risk culture Professional networks for clinical risk prevention and management