Table A1

Overview of operational capabilities definitions and mutual congruence

SourcesOperationalizationCongruent element
Cost capability
Boyer and Lewis (2002) 
  • ⁃ Reduce inventory

  • ⁃ Increase capacity utilization

  • ⁃ Reduce production costs

  • ⁃ Increase labor productivity

  • ⁃ Production cost

Chung and Swink (2009) 
  • ⁃ Initial purchase costs

  • ⁃ Manufacturing overhead costs

  • ⁃ Manufacturing cost

Flynn and Flynn (2004) 
  • ⁃ Unit cost of manufacturing

  • ⁃ Cost of manufacturing

Kathuria (2000) 
  • ⁃ Controlling production costs

  • ⁃ Improving labor productivity

  • ⁃ Running equipment at peak efficiency

  • ⁃ Production costs

Miller and Roth (1994) 
  • ⁃ The capability to compete on price

Safizadeh et al. (2000) 
  • ⁃ Product cost

  • ⁃ Product price

  • ⁃ Product cost

Squire et al. (2006) 
  • ⁃ Design costs

  • ⁃ Manufacturing costs

  • ⁃ Component costs

  • ⁃ Delivery costs

  • ⁃ Service costs

  • ⁃ Manufacturing costs

Flexibility capability
Boyer and Lewis (2002) 
  • ⁃ Make rapid design changes

  • ⁃ Adjust capacity quickly

  • ⁃ Make rapid volume changes

  • ⁃ Offer a large number of product features

  • ⁃ Offer a large degree of product variety

  • ⁃ Adjust product mix

  • ⁃ Design change

  • ⁃ Adjust capacity

Chung and Swink (2009) 
  • ⁃ Ability to customize products

  • ⁃ Ability to adjust production volumes

  • ⁃ Ability to respond to changes in delivery requirement

  • ⁃ Ability to produce a range of products

  • ⁃ Customization

  • ⁃ Production volumes

Flynn and Flynn (2004) 
  • ⁃ Cycle time

  • ⁃ New product speed

  • ⁃ Product flexibility

  • ⁃ Volume flexibility

  • ⁃ Product flexibility

  • ⁃ Volume flexibility

Kathuria (2000) 
  • ⁃ Introducing new designs or new products into production quickly

  • ⁃ Adjusting capacity rapidly within a short period

  • ⁃ Handling variations in customer delivery schedule

  • ⁃ Handling changes in the product mix quickly

  • ⁃ Customizing product to customer specifications

  • ⁃ New designs

  • ⁃ Adjusting capacity

Miller and Roth (1994) 
  • ⁃ Design flexibility

  • ⁃ Volume flexibility

  • ⁃ Design flexibility

  • ⁃ Volume flexibility

Safizadeh et al. (2000) 
  • ⁃ Product variety

  • ⁃ Ability to customize

  • ⁃ Customization

Squire et al. (2006) 
  • ⁃ Operate efficiently at different levels

  • ⁃ Operate profitably at different levels

  • ⁃ Economically run various batch sized

  • ⁃ Vary aggregate output between periods

  • ⁃ Vary output

Delivery capability
Boyer and Lewis (2002) 
  • ⁃ Provide fast deliveries

  • ⁃ Meet delivery promises

  • ⁃ Reduce production lead time

  • ⁃ Fast delivery

  • ⁃ Meet promises

Chung and Swink (2009) 
  • ⁃ Delivery accuracy (correct items were delivered)

  • ⁃ Delivery availability (probability that items will be in stock when ordered)

  • ⁃ Delivery dependability (delivered on the agreed-upon date)

  • ⁃ Delivery speed (short elapsed time)

  • ⁃ Dependability

  • ⁃ Speed

Flynn and Flynn (2004) 
  • ⁃ On-time delivery

  • ⁃ Fast delivery

  • ⁃ On-time delivery

  • ⁃ Fast delivery

Kathuria (2000) 
  • ⁃ Reducing manufacturing lead time

  • ⁃ Meeting delivery dates

  • ⁃ Making fast deliveries

  • ⁃ Meeting dates

  • ⁃ Fast delivery

Miller and Roth (1994) 
  • ⁃ The capability to deliver products quickly

  • ⁃ The capability to deliver in time

  • ⁃ Deliver quickly

  • ⁃ Be on time

Safizadeh et al. (2000) 
  • ⁃ Delivery time

  • ⁃ Dependability on delivery

  • ⁃ Delivery time

  • ⁃ Dependability

Squire et al. (2006) 
  • ⁃ Speed of delivery

  • ⁃ Average lead time

  • ⁃ Reliability of delivery times

  • ⁃ Percentage delivered on time

  • ⁃ Speed

  • ⁃ Reliability

Quality capability
Boyer and Lewis (2002) 
  • ⁃ Capability to provide high performance products

  • ⁃ Offer consistent, reliable quality

  • ⁃ Improve conformance to design specifications

  • ⁃ Product reliability

  • ⁃ Design conformance

Chung and Swink (2009) 
  • ⁃ Product overall quality performance

  • ⁃ Product features

  • ⁃ Product reliability

  • ⁃ Product conformance

  • ⁃ Product durability

  • ⁃ Product reliability

Flynn and Flynn (2004) 
  • ⁃ Process based quality

  • ⁃ Market-base quality

Kathuria (2000) 
  • ⁃ Quality of conformance

  • oEnsuring conformance of final product to design specifications

  • o Ensuring accuracy in manufacturing

  • oEnsuring consistency in manufacturing

  • ⁃ Quality of design

    • o Manufacturing durable and reliable products

    • oMaking design changes in the product as desired by customer

    • oMeeting and exceeding customer needs and preferences

  • ⁃ Design conformance

  • ⁃ Product reliability

Miller and Roth (1994) 
  • ⁃ The capability to offer consistent conformance

  • ⁃ The capability to provide high performance products

  • ⁃ Conformance quality

Safizadeh et al. (2000) 
  • ⁃ Product performance

  • ⁃ Number of features on product

  • ⁃ Product durability

  • ⁃ Product reliability

  • ⁃ Product quality consistency

  • ⁃ Product quality as perceived by customer

  • ⁃ Product reliability

Squire et al. (2006) 
  • ⁃ Product durability

  • ⁃ Product reliability

  • ⁃ Conformance quality

  • ⁃ Percentage return defective

  • ⁃ Percentage pass final inspection

  • ⁃ Product reliability

  • ⁃ Conformance quality

Sustainability capability
Longoni and Cagliano (2015) 
  • ⁃ Social reputation (community)

  • ⁃ Employee satisfaction (workforce)

  • ⁃ Social sustainability

Martín-Peña and Díaz-Garrido (2008) 
  • ⁃ Minimize repercussion of manufacturing activities on the environment

  • ⁃ Manufacture environment-friendly products

  • ⁃ Environmental sustainability

Pagell and Gobeli (2009) 
  • ⁃ Harm inflicted to natural systems

  • ⁃ Harm inflicted to human systems

  • ⁃ Social sustainability

  • ⁃ Environmental sustainability

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