Table 3 Complementarities, path... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Complementarities, path dependency and lock-ins for each pathway

Pathway A
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors: • with battery cell/module suppliers to shift their production in the EU and share information about bill of material to increase transparency in RC • with battery pack supplier to gain knowledge about BMS and battery disassembly; to develop transparent warranty management o Configuration 3. In addition: to reach agreement for re-marketing of repurposed batteries for second life application o Configuration 4. In addition: to co-develop BMS and battery (cell, module and pack) design • with customers to introduce contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries • with logistics providers to learn about EOL battery handling, transportation and storage • with recyclers for Configuration 4 to co-develop recycling technology
	Technologies: • Gaining knowledge about BMS technology for handling HD process • Choosing suitable RC technology for handling increasing volume of returned batteries • Configuration 4. Co-developing battery cell, module, pack, BMS and RC technologies with recyclers and battery suppliers
	Product development and manufacturing: • Gaining capability to dismantle EOL batteries for facilitating HD • Configuration 3. Gaining capabilities to dismantle EOL batteries for RP • Configuration 4. Gaining capabilities to perform battery design and assembling/production to meet the requirements of the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure: • Acquiring essential equipment and trained staffs for HD at dealership or other facilities • Establishing warehouse if the OEM decides to store EOL batteries and postpone their recovery • Developing battery monitoring system to coordinate the flow of returned batteries • Developing facilities to perform HD, disassembling and classification of returned batteries before sending them for recovery processes (transportation of battery modules instead of entire battery packs) • Configuration 4. Infrastructural capacity for RM/RF, RP and RC
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Early optimisation of CLSC in the direction of economy of scale may lead to lock-in less efficient recovery networks (it is difficult to shift from optimised Configuration 1 to Configuration 2 and 3) Long-term agreement with recovery service providers may lead to lock-in initially introduced recovery strategies (e.g. RP in Configuration 3p and RC in Configuration 1) Recovery postponement through storage of returned batteries may lead to lock-in recycling due to technological incompatibility of outdated batteries for RM and RF Early investment in immature technologies (battery production and RC) may lead to lock-in less efficient technology compared to the ones developed later

Pathway A
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors:• with battery cell/module suppliers to shift their production in the EU and share information about bill of material to increase transparency in RC • with battery pack supplier to gain knowledge about BMS and battery disassembly; to develop transparent warranty management o Configuration 3. In addition: to reach agreement for re-marketing of repurposed batteries for second life application o Configuration 4. In addition: to co-develop BMS and battery (cell, module and pack) design • with customers to introduce contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries • with logistics providers to learn about EOL battery handling, transportation and storage • with recyclers for Configuration 4 to co-develop recycling technology
	Technologies:• Gaining knowledge about BMS technology for handling HD process • Choosing suitable RC technology for handling increasing volume of returned batteries • Configuration 4. Co-developing battery cell, module, pack, BMS and RC technologies with recyclers and battery suppliers
	Product development and manufacturing:• Gaining capability to dismantle EOL batteries for facilitating HD • Configuration 3. Gaining capabilities to dismantle EOL batteries for RP • Configuration 4. Gaining capabilities to perform battery design and assembling/production to meet the requirements of the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure:• Acquiring essential equipment and trained staffs for HD at dealership or other facilities • Establishing warehouse if the OEM decides to store EOL batteries and postpone their recovery • Developing battery monitoring system to coordinate the flow of returned batteries • Developing facilities to perform HD, disassembling and classification of returned batteries before sending them for recovery processes (transportation of battery modules instead of entire battery packs) • Configuration 4. Infrastructural capacity for RM/RF, RP and RC
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Early optimisation of CLSC in the direction of economy of scale may lead to lock-in less efficient recovery networks (it is difficult to shift from optimised Configuration 1 to Configuration 2 and 3)Long-term agreement with recovery service providers may lead to lock-in initially introduced recovery strategies (e.g. RP in Configuration 3p and RC in Configuration 1)Recovery postponement through storage of returned batteries may lead to lock-in recycling due to technological incompatibility of outdated batteries for RM and RFEarly investment in immature technologies (battery production and RC) may lead to lock-in less efficient technology compared to the ones developed later

Pathway B
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors: • with battery cell/module suppliers and recyclers to co-develop standard battery design and technologies, efficient RC technologies and to foster use of recycled materials • with battery pack suppliers to enable modular battery design, to support RM, RF and RP process with technological and operational knowledge, to supply components of battery pack, to internalize battery assembling process • with customers to develop (revised) contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries and their recovery routes • with logistics providers to extend/adjust CLSC (increased capacity; expanded geographical scope)
	Technologies: • Fostering evolution of standard battery cell/module technologies (essential for development of high performance battery, economic and technological feasibility of RM, RF and RP process and facilitate development of RC technologies) • Fostering evolution of standard (modular) design of the battery packs (facilitate dismantling process for RC, RM, RF, RP, HD and designing the new vehicle architecture) • Development and improvement of in-house BMS technology (facilitate health diagnostic process and battery performance)
	Product development and manufacturing: • Developing internal battery pack design and production (development of pack and assembling of the service box, battery module and battery pack and development of BMS hardware and software) • Developing new vehicle architecture (adaptation to the battery technology and design) • Configuration 2. Align battery design requirements for the first life application and life extension processes (RM/RF) • Configuration 3. Align battery design requirements for the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure: • Establishing infrastructural capacity for performing in-house production of battery pack, dismantling and sorting of EOL batteries, RM, RF and RP as well as RC (in case of Configuration 4)
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Late investment in mature technologies (e.g. battery production and RC) may lead to lock-in a lower power position and a follower in relation to technology owners and providers

Pathway B
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors:• with battery cell/module suppliers and recyclers to co-develop standard battery design and technologies, efficient RC technologies and to foster use of recycled materials • with battery pack suppliers to enable modular battery design, to support RM, RF and RP process with technological and operational knowledge, to supply components of battery pack, to internalize battery assembling process • with customers to develop (revised) contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries and their recovery routes • with logistics providers to extend/adjust CLSC (increased capacity; expanded geographical scope)
	Technologies:• Fostering evolution of standard battery cell/module technologies (essential for development of high performance battery, economic and technological feasibility of RM, RF and RP process and facilitate development of RC technologies) • Fostering evolution of standard (modular) design of the battery packs (facilitate dismantling process for RC, RM, RF, RP, HD and designing the new vehicle architecture) • Development and improvement of in-house BMS technology (facilitate health diagnostic process and battery performance)
	Product development and manufacturing:• Developing internal battery pack design and production (development of pack and assembling of the service box, battery module and battery pack and development of BMS hardware and software) • Developing new vehicle architecture (adaptation to the battery technology and design) • Configuration 2. Align battery design requirements for the first life application and life extension processes (RM/RF) • Configuration 3. Align battery design requirements for the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure:• Establishing infrastructural capacity for performing in-house production of battery pack, dismantling and sorting of EOL batteries, RM, RF and RP as well as RC (in case of Configuration 4)
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Late investment in mature technologies (e.g. battery production and RC) may lead to lock-in a lower power position and a follower in relation to technology owners and providers

Pathway C
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors: • with battery suppliers and recyclers to initiate co-development of standard battery design and technology • with recyclers to foster development of suitable RC technology for low volume and support circularity of the materials • with customers to introduce contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries • with logistics providers to learn about EOL battery handling, transportation and storage
	Technologies: • Fostering co-development of standard battery cell/module technologies and BMS with suppliers (essential for development of high performance battery, economic and technological feasibility of RM, RF and RP process and facilitate development of RC technologies) • Fostering co-development of standard (modular) design of the battery packs with suppliers (facilitate dismantling process for RC, RM, RF, RP, HD and designing the new vehicle architecture)
	Product development and manufacturing (same as in Pathway B): • Developing internal battery pack design and production (development of pack and assembling of the service box, battery module and battery pack, development of BMS hardware and software) • Developing new vehicle architecture (adaptation to the battery technology and design) • Configuration 2. Align battery design requirements for the first life application and life extension processes (RM/RF) • Configuration 3. Align battery design requirements for the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure: • Acquiring essential equipment and trained personnel for HD at dealership or other facilities • Developing battery monitoring system to coordinate the flow of returned • Developing facilities to perform HD, disassembling and classification of returned batteries before sending them for recovery processes (transportation of battery modules instead of entire battery packs) • Establishing infrastructural capacity for performing RM, RF and/or RP
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Early optimisation of CLSC in the direction of dominant technology may lead to lock-in less cost-effective networks (due to impossibility to scale up CLSC to accommodate the increasing volume of returned batteries) Long-term agreements with battery suppliers and recovery service providers may lead to lock-in suppliers ability to scale up operations

Pathway C
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors:• with battery suppliers and recyclers to initiate co-development of standard battery design and technology • with recyclers to foster development of suitable RC technology for low volume and support circularity of the materials • with customers to introduce contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries • with logistics providers to learn about EOL battery handling, transportation and storage
	Technologies:• Fostering co-development of standard battery cell/module technologies and BMS with suppliers (essential for development of high performance battery, economic and technological feasibility of RM, RF and RP process and facilitate development of RC technologies) • Fostering co-development of standard (modular) design of the battery packs with suppliers (facilitate dismantling process for RC, RM, RF, RP, HD and designing the new vehicle architecture)
	Product development and manufacturing (same as in Pathway B):• Developing internal battery pack design and production (development of pack and assembling of the service box, battery module and battery pack, development of BMS hardware and software) • Developing new vehicle architecture (adaptation to the battery technology and design) • Configuration 2. Align battery design requirements for the first life application and life extension processes (RM/RF) • Configuration 3. Align battery design requirements for the first life application, life extension (RM/RF), second life application (RP) and RC
	Infrastructure:• Acquiring essential equipment and trained personnel for HD at dealership or other facilities • Developing battery monitoring system to coordinate the flow of returned • Developing facilities to perform HD, disassembling and classification of returned batteries before sending them for recovery processes (transportation of battery modules instead of entire battery packs) • Establishing infrastructural capacity for performing RM, RF and/or RP
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Early optimisation of CLSC in the direction of dominant technology may lead to lock-in less cost-effective networks (due to impossibility to scale up CLSC to accommodate the increasing volume of returned batteries)Long-term agreements with battery suppliers and recovery service providers may lead to lock-in suppliers ability to scale up operations

Pathway D
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors: • with battery cell/module suppliers to develop customized battery design, to gain support with co-development of RC technologies to secure circularity of materials and increase competitive advantage in the market • Configuration 4. Revision of relationships with recyclers to enable RC internalization (high volumes makes it easier to add RC technology to the set of RM, RF, RP) • with customers to develop (revised) contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries and their recovery routes • with logistics providers to extend/adjust CLSC (increased capacity; expanded geographical scope)
	Technologies: • Incremental improvements to enhance performance of the battery technologies for first and second life applications • Configuration 4. Internalisation of RC technology
	Product development and manufacturing: • Ensuring operational capacity for managing the growing demand of the new and recovered batteries • Configuration 4. Obtaining RC operational capability
	Infrastructure: • Expanding of already established capacity to accommodate growing volumes of returned batteries • Configuration 4. Establishing RC facilities
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Configuration 4. Late investment in recycling may lead to lock-in initially introduced recovery strategies (Configuration 2 and 3) because other actors might already own RC technologies and secure ownership of materials

Pathway D
Complementarities	Relationships with supply chain actors: • with battery cell/module suppliers to develop customized battery design, to gain support with co-development of RC technologies to secure circularity of materials and increase competitive advantage in the market • Configuration 4. Revision of relationships with recyclers to enable RC internalization (high volumes makes it easier to add RC technology to the set of RM, RF, RP) • with customers to develop (revised) contractual agreements for more accurate forecast of volume and state of returned batteries and their recovery routes • with logistics providers to extend/adjust CLSC (increased capacity; expanded geographical scope)
	Technologies: • Incremental improvements to enhance performance of the battery technologies for first and second life applications • Configuration 4. Internalisation of RC technology
	Product development and manufacturing: • Ensuring operational capacity for managing the growing demand of the new and recovered batteries • Configuration 4. Obtaining RC operational capability
	Infrastructure: • Expanding of already established capacity to accommodate growing volumes of returned batteries • Configuration 4. Establishing RC facilities
Path dependency and Lock-ins	Configuration 4. Late investment in recycling may lead to lock-in initially introduced recovery strategies (Configuration 2 and 3) because other actors might already own RC technologies and secure ownership of materials

Source(s): Authors’ own work