Table 1 Definitions of local practices... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Definitions of local practices

Local practice	Definition
Chinese guanxi	“‘Guanxi’, in Chinese, has two meanings: general relationships (such as those working relationships, supervisor– subordinate relationships belong to the category), and special relationships (such as those private relationships, amongst family members or friends)”. (…) “the relationship between a subordinate and their immediate supervisor, and this definition has the sense of ‘social connections’ based on mutual interest and benefit” (Han et al., 2012, p. 314)
Russian blat	“Fragmented societies with strong exclusive network ties amongst the segments and clear-cut dual (…) moralities often lack strong inherent social capital. Informal norms of action superimpose [on] formal ones and make the functioning of newly implemented [formal] institutions dysfunctional. They change very slowly. Russia seems to have performed the transition to a market economy but not to a market and civil society; because social capital on the societal level is rather weak, while it has remained rather strong on the personal network level” (Schrader, 2004, p. 391, in: McCarthy and Puffer, 2008, p. 18)
South-Korean yongo	“(…) particularistic relations maintained by kin, school, or regional ties … [which] transcend institutionalised rules and formal prescriptions, [and] can be an efficient alternative to either the market or hierarchy in economic transactions” (Yee, 2000, p. 326; in: Horak and Klein, 2016, p. 676)
Brazilian jeitinho	“The Brazilian jeitinho is the informal act of circumventing rules in order to achieve specific goals, balancing between the ethical frontiers of creativity and corruption. Its ethicality (corruption versus creative action) depends on the causes (personal benefits versus altruistic intentions and high versus low assessed pertinence of rules and laws) and the consequences (harm versus no harm to third parties) of using it, as well as the context in which it is employed (serious versus not so serious issue and informal versus formal relationships)” (Lee Park et al., 2018, p. 419)

Local practice	Definition
Chinese guanxi	“‘Guanxi’, in Chinese, has two meanings: general relationships (such as those working relationships, supervisor– subordinate relationships belong to the category), and special relationships (such as those private relationships, amongst family members or friends)”. (…) “the relationship between a subordinate and their immediate supervisor, and this definition has the sense of ‘social connections’ based on mutual interest and benefit” (Han et al., 2012, p. 314)
Russian blat	“Fragmented societies with strong exclusive network ties amongst the segments and clear-cut dual (…) moralities often lack strong inherent social capital. Informal norms of action superimpose [on] formal ones and make the functioning of newly implemented [formal] institutions dysfunctional. They change very slowly. Russia seems to have performed the transition to a market economy but not to a market and civil society; because social capital on the societal level is rather weak, while it has remained rather strong on the personal network level” (Schrader, 2004, p. 391, in: McCarthy and Puffer, 2008, p. 18)
South-Korean yongo	“(…) particularistic relations maintained by kin, school, or regional ties … [which] transcend institutionalised rules and formal prescriptions, [and] can be an efficient alternative to either the market or hierarchy in economic transactions” (Yee, 2000, p. 326; in: Horak and Klein, 2016, p. 676)
Brazilian jeitinho	“The Brazilian jeitinho is the informal act of circumventing rules in order to achieve specific goals, balancing between the ethical frontiers of creativity and corruption. Its ethicality (corruption versus creative action) depends on the causes (personal benefits versus altruistic intentions and high versus low assessed pertinence of rules and laws) and the consequences (harm versus no harm to third parties) of using it, as well as the context in which it is employed (serious versus not so serious issue and informal versus formal relationships)” (Lee Park et al., 2018, p. 419)