Table 2 Comparison of media usage before... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Comparison of media usage before and during the Covid-19 crisis

	Pre-Covid	Pre-Covid	Covid	Covid	Mean difference	Z	P<	r
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean difference	Z	P<	r
Local newspaper (offline and online)	3.35	2.106	3.06	2.136	0.286	−4.378	<0.001^***	0.25
National newspaper (offline and online)	2.92	2.014	2.51	1.904	0.406	−5.948	<0.001^***	0.34
Private television	5.30	2.091	5.13	2.232	0.169	−2.996	0.003^**	0.17
Public television	2.69	1.858	2.24	1.789	0.445	−6.510	<0.001^***	0.37
Public organizations	5.56	1.727	3.02	1.744	2.542	−13.565	<0.001^***	0.77
International sources (radio, broadcast, newspaper)	3.76	2.131	3.24	2.085	0.519	−6.164	<0.001^***	0.35
YouTube	4.55	2.221	4.42	2.289	0.127	−1.598	0.110	0.09
Facebook	4.81	2.514	4.85	2.515	−0.042	−0.602	0.547	0.03
Twitter	5.07	2.555	4.93	2.658	0.140	−2.891	0.004^**	0.16
Instagram	5.12	2.569	5.08	2.568	0.036	−0.714	0.475	0.04
Music streaming, podcasts	4.83	2.433	4.68	2.490	0.159	−2.413	0.016^*	0.14
Physical meetings and discussions	2.04	1.520	3.74	2.110	−1.701	−11.474	<0.001^***	0.65
Online communication with acquaintances and friends	2.63	1.746	2.16	1.450	0.471	−5.619	<0.001^***	0.32

	Pre-Covid	Pre-Covid	Covid	Covid	Mean difference	Z	P<	r
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean difference	Z	P<	r
Local newspaper (offline and online)	3.35	2.106	3.06	2.136	0.286	−4.378	<0.001^***	0.25
National newspaper (offline and online)	2.92	2.014	2.51	1.904	0.406	−5.948	<0.001^***	0.34
Private television	5.30	2.091	5.13	2.232	0.169	−2.996	0.003^**	0.17
Public television	2.69	1.858	2.24	1.789	0.445	−6.510	<0.001^***	0.37
Public organizations	5.56	1.727	3.02	1.744	2.542	−13.565	<0.001^***	0.77
International sources (radio, broadcast, newspaper)	3.76	2.131	3.24	2.085	0.519	−6.164	<0.001^***	0.35
YouTube	4.55	2.221	4.42	2.289	0.127	−1.598	0.110	0.09
Facebook	4.81	2.514	4.85	2.515	−0.042	−0.602	0.547	0.03
Twitter	5.07	2.555	4.93	2.658	0.140	−2.891	0.004^**	0.16
Instagram	5.12	2.569	5.08	2.568	0.036	−0.714	0.475	0.04
Music streaming, podcasts	4.83	2.433	4.68	2.490	0.159	−2.413	0.016^*	0.14
Physical meetings and discussions	2.04	1.520	3.74	2.110	−1.701	−11.474	<0.001^***	0.65
Online communication with acquaintances and friends	2.63	1.746	2.16	1.450	0.471	−5.619	<0.001^***	0.32

Note(s): 1: daily; 7: never; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001; r ≥ 0.1 small effect, r ≥ 0.25 medium effect, r ≥ 0.4 strong effect