Summary included studies
| Author and year | Research design | Research question | Setting | Sample characteristics/size | Findings | Country | Framework |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yiannakis et al. (2006) | Quantitative research: multivariate time series analysis | This study examines whether soccer results could be predicted. A theory of team empowerment is used to explain the utility in predicting the outcomes | Soccer | 20 soccer teams of 38 league games from August to May | Team empowerment may lead to individual empowerment | England | OE |
| Dean and Bush (2007) | Qualitative explorative research | The study examines the psychosocial processes used by environmental organizations in their work | Community psychology | 10 government organizations with 22 respondents in total: 12 male, 10 female, age 28-62 years | Community leadership and community pressure play a key role in influencing public policy | Australia | Environmental literature |
| Griffith et al. (2007) | Mixed method: surveys, focus groups, desk research and organizational self-assessment | The study examines how racism manifests itself within organizations | Public health | 1 case: The Southern County Public Health Department | Organizations are influenced by external forces such as institutional racism. There is a need of organizational studies and approaches to achieve social change | USA | OE |
| Perkins et al. (2007) | Qualitative research: case study | This study focuses on the role of member participation in decision-making | Non-profit organizations | 4 of 16 organizations are local affiliates of a national youth development organization, grass-rooted and a neighborhood association | Learning organizational strategies increase viability, influence community learning and transformation | USA | OE |
| Baxamusa (2008) | Qualitative research: case study | The study focuses on examining the role of participatory processes to empower communities | Community practice | 2 cases: Los Angeles International Airport and Ballpark Villa | Information contributes to the power of an alliance. Alliances function as mediating structures because they bring issues to the table and may transform them in to social movements | USA | Empowerment |
| Griffith et al. (2008) | Qualitative research: case study | The study evaluates a coalition’s efforts and benefits for individual organizations, partnerships and communities | Youth care | 1 case: Youth Violence Prevention Centre in Michigan | Flexibility is important in alliances. Organizations benefit from an alliance | USA | OE |
| Hughey et al. (2008) | Quantitative research: survey | This study tests the structure of sense of community organizations and evaluates it as a potential organizational characteristic for OE | Community organizations | Total of 661 residents, 561 respondents (59%). 57% female, 56 white, 225 Hispanic, 13% African-American, 9% Asian. 14% age 18-24, 49% 25-44, 23% 45-64, 14% 65+ | Sense of community might increase OE | USA | OE |
| Maton (2008) | Meta-review | The study focuses on how organizational processes influence their wider context they are part of | Adult well-being, youth and locality development, social change | Several youth organizations, community settings, social movement organizations and mutual help groups are included | Opportunity role structure, leadership, group based belief system and organizational learning contribute to OE | USA | OE |
| Ohmer (2008a) | Quantitative research: survey | This study examines the relationship between the perceptions of members concerning their neighborhood organization and the effects from participation | Community psychology | 231 neighborhood organization members. 54% responded (poverty area). 59% Caucasian, 39% African American. 62% female, 97% voters. Average age 58. 81% homeowners, 49% married, 32% has a professional degree, 18% graduated from college, 25% from a college and 19% has a high school degree or less (6%) | Findings show that whenever a volunteer perceives the organizational characteristics as positive the more control they have on the (local) political level | USA | OE |
| Ohmer (2008b) | Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses on examining the relationship between organizational characteristics and the perceived benefits by participants in the organization | Community psychology | 231 neighborhood organization members. 54% responded (poverty area). 59% Caucasian, 39% African American. 62% female, 97% voters. Average age 58. 81% homeowners, 49% married, 32% has a professional degree, 18% graduated from college, 25% from a college and 19% has a high school degree or less (6%) | Participative organizational characteristics such as decision-making processes, structure and climate are only related to self-efficacy variables such as influence on neighborhood policy | USA | OE |
| Griffith et al. (2010) | Mixed method: survey and descriptive case study | This paper describes how community partners of care organizations are able to participate in research to decrease health disparities | Health and youth care | Two example cases. One focuses on intra-organizational empowerment. The other focuses on intra- as well as extra-organizational empowerment | The intra- and inter-organizational component function as a foundation for the extra-organizational component | USA | OE |
| Javdani and Allen (2011) | Quantitative research: survey | The study examines what factors are positively related to psychological empowerment | Social work | 654 respondents from 21 family violence coordinating councils in a Midwestern state were included. 71% female, age 40-59 and white/Caucasian (94%) | Employee participation, effective council leadership and a supportive climate lead to empowerment | USA | OE |
| Wilke and Speer (2011) | Quantitative research: survey | The study examines how OE characteristics relate to individual empowerment | Community organizations | 974 respondents or urban residents | Different types of organizations influence empowerment in different ways | USA | OE |
| Alcantara (2012) | Qualitative research: interviews | This study examines how the collaboration between universities and community organizations leads to social change | Community organizations/education | 20 staff members | Members should have the opportunity to develop their leadership potential. Disseminating information is enhanced through advanced systems | USA | OE |
| Fernando (2012) | Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses to explore the relationship between several intra and extra-organizational empowering processes | Community organizations | 78 staff members of a coalition | Extra-organizational processes increase citizen participation | USA | OE |
| Goudarzvandchegini and Kheradmand (2013) | Quantitative research: survey | This study examines the relationship between OE and organizational commitment | Education | 973 respondents | Empowerment among members leads to increased organizational commitment | Iran | OE |
| Peterson et al. (2013) | Quantitative research: survey | This study evaluates measures and tests the characteristics of mediating variables as predictors of empowerment | Education | 423 respondents, 83% female, 9.1% Hispanic, 67.1% Caucasian, 20.4% African American, 4.4% Asian. 45.2% age 25-34, 12.8% 35-44, 2% 55+ | Several processes have shown a direct or indirect effect on professionals’ empowerment | USA | OE |
| Powell (2013) | Mixed method: survey and interviews | This study tests OE characteristics in relation to individual empowerment | Community organizations | 11 community organizations, 138 survey participants and 20 interviewees. Respondents are primarily female, white, non-Hispanic or Latino | Several findings on SOC, opportunity role structure, social support and group based belief system | USA | OE |
| Prati and Zani (2013) | Quantitative research: survey | The study focuses on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational identification | Health organizations | 5195 respondents: mean age 46.94, 69% female, 69% nurses, physicians, dietitians, therapists and other health care professionals, 12% technical staff, 19% administrative and 25% managers | Member empowerment increases the identification and loyalty toward the organization | Italy | OE |
| Segal et al. (2013) | Quantitative research: RCT | This study examines the effectiveness of self-help agencies, community mental health agencies and the role of OE | Self-help agencies | 505 respondents: 46% female, 34% African American, 36% White, 30% other | Opportunity role structure increases self-efficacy and a positive attitude towards clients | US | OE |
| Speer et al. (2013) | Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses on the influence of participation, gender and SOC on PE | Community organization | 562 respondents, 67% female, 57% white, 4% Hispanic, 31% African American, 4% other. 4% age 18-24, 20% 25-44, 47% 45-64, 26% 65+ | SOC increases the psychological empowerment of employees | USA | OE |
| Christens and Lin (2014) | Quantitative research: survey | The study focuses on community and organizational participation, sense of community and social support as predictors of psychological empowerment | Community psychology | 1322 respondents: 63% female, 37% male. Age 6% 18-24, 9% 25-34, 10% 35-44, 21% 45-54, 33% 55-64, 17% 65-74, 4% 75+. 94% White, 1.3% Black or African American, 1,2% Hispanic or Latino, 0,9% Asian, 0,8% Native American, 1,7% mixed race | Relational patterns play a role in enabling cross-system empowerment | USA | OE |
| Christens et al. (2014) | Qualitative research: case study- action research | The study examines how networks of relationships between individuals bridge ecological systems | American Psychological Association | Case study WISDOM. This is an organization that supports and connects local congregation-based community organizing in Wisconsin | Subgroup linkages play a key role in increasing cross-system empowerment and social power | USA | OE |
| Daraei et al. (2014) | Quantitative research: survey | This study analyses the impact of employee empowerment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior | Insurance setting | 152 respondents: 47.4% female, 52.6% male. Degrees: Diploma 10.5%, Higher diploma 11.2%, Bachelor 61.2%, Master 15.8%, PhD 1.3% | There is a positive and significant relationship between empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior | Iran | OE |
| Evans et al. (2014) | Mixed- method research: case study (action research: observing and interviews) and survey | The study examines the formation of a poverty reduction coalition | Community organizations | 1 community organization as leading organization of the coalition was studied. Observations were executed, interviews were held with staff and a survey was conducted to 106 pairs of network organizations | Evidence is found for inter-organizational empowerment | USA | OE |
| Forenza (2014) | Qualitative research | The study examines pro-social processes in community theatres capable of facilitating the involvement of voluntary members | Community theatre | 14 in-depth interviews with theatre members. 8 woman, 4 men, average age 55.6, average years of involvement 33.1, average years of belonging to a theatre community organization 7.6 | The study found themes that are indicative for shared beliefs, opportunity role structure, social support and leadership | USA | OE |
| Neal (2014a) | Quantitative research: hypothesis | This study focuses on understanding empowerment in settings and as relational from a social network perspective | Community psychology | Data are collected in the 7th and 8th grade of a public elementary school. 7th grade included 26 students of which 69.2% female, 8th grade included 30 students of which 40% female. 7th grade 38.4% Latino, 34.6% African American, 23.1% White, 3.8% biracial. 8th grade 20% Latino, 30% African American, 43.3% White, 3.3% Asian, 3.3% biracial | In an alliance, several organizations with a diverse set of empowered processes should be brought together | USA | OE |
| Neal (2014b) | Qualitative descriptive research: case study | This paper studies when settings are empowering | Education | See Neal (2014a) | A setting can be transformed to empowering by restructuring the relationships | USA | Empowerment |
| Powell and Peterson (2014) | Quantitative research: survey | The study tested the characteristics of coalitions that predict empowerment and effectiveness | Community coalitions | 138 respondents: 57.4% female, 3.5% Hispanic or Latino, 90.2% Caucasian, 6.5% Black or African American, 2.4% Asian, 0.8% American Indian or Alaska Native. 35.7% have a bachelor’s degree, 34.9% their masters, 11.7% college degree. Mean age is 46 | Several processes have shown an indirect effect on OE processes and outcomes | USA | OE |
| Janssen et al. (2015) | Qualitative research: case study | The study focuses on the organizational features professionals identify as empowering in cooperation processes | Geriatric care | 1 multidisciplinary team in a geriatric context | Trust is important in leadership, collaboration between teams increases alliance building, managers tend to prioritize internal affairs above the alliance | Netherlands | OE |
| Tesdahl and Speer (2015) | Quantitative research: longitudinal design | This study examines how sustained participation in movement activities is affected by organizational activity and equality of staff | Community organization | 10,000 respondents in five metropolitan areas in 50 organizations including 47 religious congregations, 2 neighborhood-based alliances and 1 neighborhood association | Opportunity role structure and increasing equality of professional staff may lead to more individual participation | USA | OE |
| Carrasco et al. (2016) | Qualitative research with a critical realistic approach | The study examines what the role is of CBAC practices in OE | Community-based arts and cultural (CBAC) practices | 20 interviews divided in two categories: a) experts/academics non practitioners, b) privileged testimonies | Findings on social support and group empowerment | Spain | Empowerment |
| Forenza (2016) | Qualitative descriptive research | The study examines which organizational characteristics facilitate empowering processes | Youth Advisory Board leaders | Interviews with 14 Youth Advisory Board leaders. Female n = 10, male n = 4, age 18-23, 71.4% Black/ African-American, 14.3% Interracial, 7.1 Hispanic/Latino, Unknown 7.1%) | Findings on opportunity role structure, leadership and social support | USA | OE |
| Valsania et al. (2016) | Quantitative research: survey | The study explores the relationship of authentic leadership, and OE | Different types of organizations | 212 respondents in Spanish companies | Authentic leadership increases empowerment | Spain | OE |
| Forenza (2017) | Qualitative retrospective, cross-sectional, research | The study focuses on the role of civic participation among youth aging out of state systems in relation to empowerment | Youth care | 10 primary consumers: 60% male, 40% female, white/Caucasian 90%, Hispanic/Latino 10%, Location New Jersey 50%, Massachusetts 20%, California 10%, Florida 10%, New York 10% | Leadership increases organizational commitment, social support and having a group based belief system contribute to OE | USA | OE |
| Forenza and Mendonca (2017) | Qualitative research | The study explores processes of advocacy | Youth development | In-depth interviews with 5 undocumented, college-age, Latino DREAM act advocates (4 male, 1 female, age 20-26) | Opportunity role structure and leadership contribute to achieve organizational goals. Social support contributes to social capital. Shared beliefs aim at helping a larger community | Peru and Mexico | OE |
| Ramgard et al. (2017) | Qualitative Action research | The study examines social impact across organizational and geographical scales | Elderly care | 7 cases over 8 years in 20 communities | Collaboration between teams in various organizations leads to capacity building | Sweden | Participatory Action Research |
| Author and year | Research design | Research question | Setting | Sample characteristics/size | Findings | Country | Framework |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantitative research: multivariate time series analysis | This study examines whether soccer results could be predicted. A theory of team empowerment is used to explain the utility in predicting the outcomes | Soccer | 20 soccer teams of 38 league games from August to May | Team empowerment may lead to individual empowerment | England | OE | |
| Qualitative explorative research | The study examines the psychosocial processes used by environmental organizations in their work | Community psychology | 10 government organizations with 22 respondents in total: 12 male, 10 female, age 28-62 years | Community leadership and community pressure play a key role in influencing public policy | Australia | Environmental literature | |
| Mixed method: surveys, focus groups, desk research and organizational self-assessment | The study examines how racism manifests itself within organizations | Public health | 1 case: The Southern County Public Health Department | Organizations are influenced by external forces such as institutional racism. There is a need of organizational studies and approaches to achieve social change | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research: case study | This study focuses on the role of member participation in decision-making | Non-profit organizations | 4 of 16 organizations are local affiliates of a national youth development organization, grass-rooted and a neighborhood association | Learning organizational strategies increase viability, influence community learning and transformation | USA | OE | |
| Baxamusa (2008) | Qualitative research: case study | The study focuses on examining the role of participatory processes to empower communities | Community practice | 2 cases: Los Angeles International Airport and Ballpark Villa | Information contributes to the power of an alliance. Alliances function as mediating structures because they bring issues to the table and may transform them in to social movements | USA | Empowerment |
| Qualitative research: case study | The study evaluates a coalition’s efforts and benefits for individual organizations, partnerships and communities | Youth care | 1 case: Youth Violence Prevention Centre in Michigan | Flexibility is important in alliances. Organizations benefit from an alliance | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study tests the structure of sense of community organizations and evaluates it as a potential organizational characteristic for OE | Community organizations | Total of 661 residents, 561 respondents (59%). 57% female, 56 white, 225 Hispanic, 13% African-American, 9% Asian. 14% age 18-24, 49% 25-44, 23% 45-64, 14% 65+ | Sense of community might increase OE | USA | OE | |
| Meta-review | The study focuses on how organizational processes influence their wider context they are part of | Adult well-being, youth and locality development, social change | Several youth organizations, community settings, social movement organizations and mutual help groups are included | Opportunity role structure, leadership, group based belief system and organizational learning contribute to OE | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study examines the relationship between the perceptions of members concerning their neighborhood organization and the effects from participation | Community psychology | 231 neighborhood organization members. 54% responded (poverty area). 59% Caucasian, 39% African American. 62% female, 97% voters. Average age 58. 81% homeowners, 49% married, 32% has a professional degree, 18% graduated from college, 25% from a college and 19% has a high school degree or less (6%) | Findings show that whenever a volunteer perceives the organizational characteristics as positive the more control they have on the (local) political level | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses on examining the relationship between organizational characteristics and the perceived benefits by participants in the organization | Community psychology | 231 neighborhood organization members. 54% responded (poverty area). 59% Caucasian, 39% African American. 62% female, 97% voters. Average age 58. 81% homeowners, 49% married, 32% has a professional degree, 18% graduated from college, 25% from a college and 19% has a high school degree or less (6%) | Participative organizational characteristics such as decision-making processes, structure and climate are only related to self-efficacy variables such as influence on neighborhood policy | USA | OE | |
| Mixed method: survey and descriptive case study | This paper describes how community partners of care organizations are able to participate in research to decrease health disparities | Health and youth care | Two example cases. One focuses on intra-organizational empowerment. The other focuses on intra- as well as extra-organizational empowerment | The intra- and inter-organizational component function as a foundation for the extra-organizational component | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | The study examines what factors are positively related to psychological empowerment | Social work | 654 respondents from 21 family violence coordinating councils in a Midwestern state were included. 71% female, age 40-59 and white/Caucasian (94%) | Employee participation, effective council leadership and a supportive climate lead to empowerment | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | The study examines how OE characteristics relate to individual empowerment | Community organizations | 974 respondents or urban residents | Different types of organizations influence empowerment in different ways | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research: interviews | This study examines how the collaboration between universities and community organizations leads to social change | Community organizations/education | 20 staff members | Members should have the opportunity to develop their leadership potential. Disseminating information is enhanced through advanced systems | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses to explore the relationship between several intra and extra-organizational empowering processes | Community organizations | 78 staff members of a coalition | Extra-organizational processes increase citizen participation | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study examines the relationship between OE and organizational commitment | Education | 973 respondents | Empowerment among members leads to increased organizational commitment | Iran | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study evaluates measures and tests the characteristics of mediating variables as predictors of empowerment | Education | 423 respondents, 83% female, 9.1% Hispanic, 67.1% Caucasian, 20.4% African American, 4.4% Asian. 45.2% age 25-34, 12.8% 35-44, 2% 55+ | Several processes have shown a direct or indirect effect on professionals’ empowerment | USA | OE | |
| Mixed method: survey and interviews | This study tests OE characteristics in relation to individual empowerment | Community organizations | 11 community organizations, 138 survey participants and 20 interviewees. Respondents are primarily female, white, non-Hispanic or Latino | Several findings on SOC, opportunity role structure, social support and group based belief system | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | The study focuses on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational identification | Health organizations | 5195 respondents: mean age 46.94, 69% female, 69% nurses, physicians, dietitians, therapists and other health care professionals, 12% technical staff, 19% administrative and 25% managers | Member empowerment increases the identification and loyalty toward the organization | Italy | OE | |
| Quantitative research: RCT | This study examines the effectiveness of self-help agencies, community mental health agencies and the role of OE | Self-help agencies | 505 respondents: 46% female, 34% African American, 36% White, 30% other | Opportunity role structure increases self-efficacy and a positive attitude towards clients | US | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study focuses on the influence of participation, gender and SOC on PE | Community organization | 562 respondents, 67% female, 57% white, 4% Hispanic, 31% African American, 4% other. 4% age 18-24, 20% 25-44, 47% 45-64, 26% 65+ | SOC increases the psychological empowerment of employees | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | The study focuses on community and organizational participation, sense of community and social support as predictors of psychological empowerment | Community psychology | 1322 respondents: 63% female, 37% male. Age 6% 18-24, 9% 25-34, 10% 35-44, 21% 45-54, 33% 55-64, 17% 65-74, 4% 75+. 94% White, 1.3% Black or African American, 1,2% Hispanic or Latino, 0,9% Asian, 0,8% Native American, 1,7% mixed race | Relational patterns play a role in enabling cross-system empowerment | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research: case study- action research | The study examines how networks of relationships between individuals bridge ecological systems | American Psychological Association | Case study WISDOM. This is an organization that supports and connects local congregation-based community organizing in Wisconsin | Subgroup linkages play a key role in increasing cross-system empowerment and social power | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: survey | This study analyses the impact of employee empowerment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior | Insurance setting | 152 respondents: 47.4% female, 52.6% male. Degrees: Diploma 10.5%, Higher diploma 11.2%, Bachelor 61.2%, Master 15.8%, PhD 1.3% | There is a positive and significant relationship between empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior | Iran | OE | |
| Mixed- method research: case study (action research: observing and interviews) and survey | The study examines the formation of a poverty reduction coalition | Community organizations | 1 community organization as leading organization of the coalition was studied. Observations were executed, interviews were held with staff and a survey was conducted to 106 pairs of network organizations | Evidence is found for inter-organizational empowerment | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research | The study examines pro-social processes in community theatres capable of facilitating the involvement of voluntary members | Community theatre | 14 in-depth interviews with theatre members. 8 woman, 4 men, average age 55.6, average years of involvement 33.1, average years of belonging to a theatre community organization 7.6 | The study found themes that are indicative for shared beliefs, opportunity role structure, social support and leadership | USA | OE | |
| Quantitative research: hypothesis | This study focuses on understanding empowerment in settings and as relational from a social network perspective | Community psychology | Data are collected in the 7th and 8th grade of a public elementary school. 7th grade included 26 students of which 69.2% female, 8th grade included 30 students of which 40% female. 7th grade 38.4% Latino, 34.6% African American, 23.1% White, 3.8% biracial. 8th grade 20% Latino, 30% African American, 43.3% White, 3.3% Asian, 3.3% biracial | In an alliance, several organizations with a diverse set of empowered processes should be brought together | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative descriptive research: case study | This paper studies when settings are empowering | Education | See | A setting can be transformed to empowering by restructuring the relationships | USA | Empowerment | |
| Quantitative research: survey | The study tested the characteristics of coalitions that predict empowerment and effectiveness | Community coalitions | 138 respondents: 57.4% female, 3.5% Hispanic or Latino, 90.2% Caucasian, 6.5% Black or African American, 2.4% Asian, 0.8% American Indian or Alaska Native. 35.7% have a bachelor’s degree, 34.9% their masters, 11.7% college degree. Mean age is 46 | Several processes have shown an indirect effect on OE processes and outcomes | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research: case study | The study focuses on the organizational features professionals identify as empowering in cooperation processes | Geriatric care | 1 multidisciplinary team in a geriatric context | Trust is important in leadership, collaboration between teams increases alliance building, managers tend to prioritize internal affairs above the alliance | Netherlands | OE | |
| Quantitative research: longitudinal design | This study examines how sustained participation in movement activities is affected by organizational activity and equality of staff | Community organization | 10,000 respondents in five metropolitan areas in 50 organizations including 47 religious congregations, 2 neighborhood-based alliances and 1 neighborhood association | Opportunity role structure and increasing equality of professional staff may lead to more individual participation | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research with a critical realistic approach | The study examines what the role is of CBAC practices in OE | Community-based arts and cultural (CBAC) practices | 20 interviews divided in two categories: a) experts/academics non practitioners, b) privileged testimonies | Findings on social support and group empowerment | Spain | Empowerment | |
| Qualitative descriptive research | The study examines which organizational characteristics facilitate empowering processes | Youth Advisory Board leaders | Interviews with 14 Youth Advisory Board leaders. Female | Findings on opportunity role structure, leadership and social support | USA | OE | |
| Valsania | Quantitative research: survey | The study explores the relationship of authentic leadership, and OE | Different types of organizations | 212 respondents in Spanish companies | Authentic leadership increases empowerment | Spain | OE |
| Qualitative retrospective, cross-sectional, research | The study focuses on the role of civic participation among youth aging out of state systems in relation to empowerment | Youth care | 10 primary consumers: 60% male, 40% female, white/Caucasian 90%, Hispanic/Latino 10%, Location New Jersey 50%, Massachusetts 20%, California 10%, Florida 10%, New York 10% | Leadership increases organizational commitment, social support and having a group based belief system contribute to OE | USA | OE | |
| Qualitative research | The study explores processes of advocacy | Youth development | In-depth interviews with 5 undocumented, college-age, Latino DREAM act advocates (4 male, 1 female, age 20-26) | Opportunity role structure and leadership contribute to achieve organizational goals. Social support contributes to social capital. Shared beliefs aim at helping a larger community | Peru and Mexico | OE | |
| Qualitative Action research | The study examines social impact across organizational and geographical scales | Elderly care | 7 cases over 8 years in 20 communities | Collaboration between teams in various organizations leads to capacity building | Sweden | Participatory Action Research |
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