Effect of recipient and respondent characteristics on the earnings retention rate considered adequate (below 100%, 100%, above 100%): average marginal effect
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earnings retention rate considered adequate | <100 | 100 | >100 | <100 | 100 | >100 |
| Vignette dimensions | ||||||
| Male (ref: female) | 0.002 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.005) | −0.003 (0.013) | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.002 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.013) |
| Cohabitating couple (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Single individual | 0.032** (0.010) | 0.022** (0.007) | −0.054** (0.017) | 0.027** (0.010) | 0.018* (0.007) | −0.046** (0.018) |
| Single parent | 0.037** (0.011) | 0.025** (0.008) | −0.062** (0.019) | 0.039** (0.011) | 0.027** (0.008) | −0.066** (0.019) |
| Cohabitating couple with child | −0.015 (0.011) | −0.010 (0.008) | 0.025 (0.019) | −0.015 (0.011) | −0.010 (0.008) | 0.025 (0.019) |
| No health impairments (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Frequent back pain | 0.021* (0.009) | 0.014* (0.006) | −0.035* (0.016) | 0.019* (0.009) | 0.013* (0.006) | −0.032* (0.015) |
| Depressive episodes | 0.022* (0.010) | 0.015* (0.007) | −0.037* (0.017) | 0.020* (0.010) | 0.013* (0.007) | −0.033* (0.016) |
| Monthly earnings €100 (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Monthly earnings €400 | −0.189** (0.010) | −0.129** (0.010) | 0.319** (0.016) | −0.194** (0.010) | −0.132** (0.010) | 0.326** (0.015) |
| Monthly earnings €600 | −0.236** (0.011) | −0.161** (0.011) | 0.398** (0.014) | −0.238** (0.010) | −0.161** (0.011) | 0.399** (0.014) |
| Monthly earnings €1,000 | −0.345** (0.018) | −0.235** (0.011) | 0.580** (0.018) | −0.347** (0.018) | −0.235** (0.012) | 0.581** (0.017) |
| Respondent attributes | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 29 years or younger | −0.016 (0.022) | −0.011 (0.015) | 0.026 (0.037) | |||
| 30–39 years (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| 40–49 years | 0.003 (0.018) | 0.002 (0.012) | −0.005 (0.030) | |||
| 50–59 years | −0.002 (0.018) | −0.002 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.030) | |||
| 60 years or older | −0.009 (0.024) | −0.006 (0.017) | 0.016 (0.041) | |||
| Female (ref: male) | 0.007 (0.013) | 0.005 (0.009) | −0.011 (0.022 | |||
| Children (ref: yes) | −0.009 (0.017) | −0.006 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.028) | |||
| Eastern Germany (ref: Western Germany) | 0.012 (0.014) | 0.008 (0.009) | −0.020 (0.024) | |||
| German nationality (ref: yes) | 0.010 (0.030) | 0.007 (0.021) | −0.017 (0.051) | |||
| Education | ||||||
| No vocational degree | −0.028 (0.032) | −0.021 (0.026) | 0.049 (0.058) | |||
| Vocational training or upper secondary school degree (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| University degree | −0.000 (0.014) | −0.000 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.024) | |||
| No information on education | 0.029 (0.058) | 0.018 (0.033) | −0.048 (0.091) | |||
| Monthly net household income | ||||||
| Less than €1,000 | 0.012 (0.036) | 0.008 (0.023) | −0.020 (0.060) | |||
| €1,000 to less than €2,000 | −0.006 (0.020) | −0.004 (0.013) | 0.010 (0.033) | |||
| €2,000 to less than €3,000 (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| €3,000 to less than €4,000 | 0.002 (0.020) | 0.001 (0.014) | −0.003 (0.034) | |||
| €4,000 to less than €5,000 | 0.004 (0.021) | 0.003 (0.014) | −0.007 (0.036) | |||
| €5,000 or more | 0.004 (0.023) | 0.003 (0.015) | −0.007 (0.038) | |||
| No information on net income | −0.088** (0.031) | −0.084* (0.040) | 0.172* (0.069) | |||
| Number of persons in household | ||||||
| 1-Person household | 0.011 (0.019) | 0.007 (0.012) | −0.017 (0.031) | |||
| 2-Person household (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| 3-Person household | −0.016 (0.017) | −0.012 (0.012) | 0.028 (0.030) | |||
| 4-Person household | −0.005 (0.020) | −0.003 (0.014) | 0.008 (0.034) | |||
| 5-Person household | −0.045* (0.023) | −0.035 (0.019) | 0.080 (0.042) | |||
| Party preference | ||||||
| Christian conservative party | −0.056** (0.018) | −0.039** (0.013) | 0.095** (0.031) | |||
| Social democratic party | −0.007 (0.023) | −0.004 (0.014) | 0.011 (0.036) | |||
| Right-wing populist party (AfD) | −0.046 (0.033) | −0.031 (0.024) | 0.077 (0.057) | |||
| Liberal democratic party | −0.063* (0.027) | −0.044* (0.021) | 0.107* (0.048) | |||
| Left-wing party (DIE LINKE) | 0.008 (0.028) | 0.004 (0.016) | −0.012 (0.044) | |||
| Green party (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| Other party | 0.013 (0.035) | 0.007 (0.019) | −0.020 (0.054) | |||
| No party preference | −0.055** (0.018) | −0.037** (0.013) | 0.092** (0.031) | |||
| Apolitical | −0.037 (0.022) | −0.024 (0.015) | 0.061 (0.037) | |||
| No information on party preference | −0.108** (0.025) | −0.092** (0.029) | 0.199** (0.053) | |||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Regular employment (including short term work) (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| Civil servant | 0.032 (0.060) | 0.020 (0.036) | −0.052 (0.096) | |||
| Self-employed | −0.022 (0.056) | −0.017 (0.046) | 0.038 (0.101) | |||
| Marginally employed | −0.021 (0.046) | −0.016 (0.037) | 0.038 (0.083) | |||
| School/vocational training/student | 0.011 (0.031) | 0.008 (0.021) | −0.019 (0.052) | |||
| Pensioner | −0.017 (0.028) | −0.013 (0.022) | 0.030 (0.049) | |||
| Unemployed | 0.057* (0.028) | 0.035* (0.015) | −0.092* (0.043) | |||
| Other | 0.047 (0.029) | 0.029 (0.017) | −0.077 (0.046) | |||
| Labour market history | ||||||
| Regular employment, 2014–2019 (in years) | −0.008 (0.005) | −0.005 (0.003) | 0.013 (0.008) | |||
| Marginal employment, 2014–2019 (in years) | −0.000 (0.005) | −0.000 (0.003) | 0.000 (0.008) | |||
| Never received unemployment benefits (ref: received unemployment benefits) | −0.011 (0.012) | −0.007 (0.008) | 0.018 (0.021) | |||
| Ever received means-tested basic income support (ref: no) | 0.017 (0.017) | 0.012 (0.012) | −0.028 (0.029) | |||
| Dummy: last position = part time | 0.014 (0.016) | 0.009 (0.011) | −0.023 (0.027) | |||
| Last daily wage | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | |||
| Responses (vignettes) | 3,456 | 3,456 | ||||
| Respondents | 868 | 868 | ||||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.19 | 0.21 | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earnings retention rate considered adequate | <100 | 100 | >100 | <100 | 100 | >100 |
| Male (ref: female) | 0.002 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.005) | −0.003 (0.013) | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.002 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.013) |
| Cohabitating couple (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Single individual | 0.032** (0.010) | 0.022** (0.007) | −0.054** (0.017) | 0.027** (0.010) | 0.018* (0.007) | −0.046** (0.018) |
| Single parent | 0.037** (0.011) | 0.025** (0.008) | −0.062** (0.019) | 0.039** (0.011) | 0.027** (0.008) | −0.066** (0.019) |
| Cohabitating couple with child | −0.015 (0.011) | −0.010 (0.008) | 0.025 (0.019) | −0.015 (0.011) | −0.010 (0.008) | 0.025 (0.019) |
| No health impairments (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Frequent back pain | 0.021* (0.009) | 0.014* (0.006) | −0.035* (0.016) | 0.019* (0.009) | 0.013* (0.006) | −0.032* (0.015) |
| Depressive episodes | 0.022* (0.010) | 0.015* (0.007) | −0.037* (0.017) | 0.020* (0.010) | 0.013* (0.007) | −0.033* (0.016) |
| Monthly earnings €100 (ref) | –– | –– | –– | –– | ||
| Monthly earnings €400 | −0.189** (0.010) | −0.129** (0.010) | 0.319** (0.016) | −0.194** (0.010) | −0.132** (0.010) | 0.326** (0.015) |
| Monthly earnings €600 | −0.236** (0.011) | −0.161** (0.011) | 0.398** (0.014) | −0.238** (0.010) | −0.161** (0.011) | 0.399** (0.014) |
| Monthly earnings €1,000 | −0.345** (0.018) | −0.235** (0.011) | 0.580** (0.018) | −0.347** (0.018) | −0.235** (0.012) | 0.581** (0.017) |
| 29 years or younger | −0.016 (0.022) | −0.011 (0.015) | 0.026 (0.037) | |||
| 30–39 years (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| 40–49 years | 0.003 (0.018) | 0.002 (0.012) | −0.005 (0.030) | |||
| 50–59 years | −0.002 (0.018) | −0.002 (0.012) | 0.004 (0.030) | |||
| 60 years or older | −0.009 (0.024) | −0.006 (0.017) | 0.016 (0.041) | |||
| Female (ref: male) | 0.007 (0.013) | 0.005 (0.009) | −0.011 (0.022 | |||
| Children (ref: yes) | −0.009 (0.017) | −0.006 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.028) | |||
| Eastern Germany (ref: Western Germany) | 0.012 (0.014) | 0.008 (0.009) | −0.020 (0.024) | |||
| German nationality (ref: yes) | 0.010 (0.030) | 0.007 (0.021) | −0.017 (0.051) | |||
| No vocational degree | −0.028 (0.032) | −0.021 (0.026) | 0.049 (0.058) | |||
| Vocational training or upper secondary school degree (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| University degree | −0.000 (0.014) | −0.000 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.024) | |||
| No information on education | 0.029 (0.058) | 0.018 (0.033) | −0.048 (0.091) | |||
| Less than €1,000 | 0.012 (0.036) | 0.008 (0.023) | −0.020 (0.060) | |||
| €1,000 to less than €2,000 | −0.006 (0.020) | −0.004 (0.013) | 0.010 (0.033) | |||
| €2,000 to less than €3,000 (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| €3,000 to less than €4,000 | 0.002 (0.020) | 0.001 (0.014) | −0.003 (0.034) | |||
| €4,000 to less than €5,000 | 0.004 (0.021) | 0.003 (0.014) | −0.007 (0.036) | |||
| €5,000 or more | 0.004 (0.023) | 0.003 (0.015) | −0.007 (0.038) | |||
| No information on net income | −0.088** (0.031) | −0.084* (0.040) | 0.172* (0.069) | |||
| 1-Person household | 0.011 (0.019) | 0.007 (0.012) | −0.017 (0.031) | |||
| 2-Person household (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| 3-Person household | −0.016 (0.017) | −0.012 (0.012) | 0.028 (0.030) | |||
| 4-Person household | −0.005 (0.020) | −0.003 (0.014) | 0.008 (0.034) | |||
| 5-Person household | −0.045* (0.023) | −0.035 (0.019) | 0.080 (0.042) | |||
| Christian conservative party | −0.056** (0.018) | −0.039** (0.013) | 0.095** (0.031) | |||
| Social democratic party | −0.007 (0.023) | −0.004 (0.014) | 0.011 (0.036) | |||
| Right-wing populist party (AfD) | −0.046 (0.033) | −0.031 (0.024) | 0.077 (0.057) | |||
| Liberal democratic party | −0.063* (0.027) | −0.044* (0.021) | 0.107* (0.048) | |||
| Left-wing party (DIE LINKE) | 0.008 (0.028) | 0.004 (0.016) | −0.012 (0.044) | |||
| Green party (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| Other party | 0.013 (0.035) | 0.007 (0.019) | −0.020 (0.054) | |||
| No party preference | −0.055** (0.018) | −0.037** (0.013) | 0.092** (0.031) | |||
| Apolitical | −0.037 (0.022) | −0.024 (0.015) | 0.061 (0.037) | |||
| No information on party preference | −0.108** (0.025) | −0.092** (0.029) | 0.199** (0.053) | |||
| Regular employment (including short term work) (ref) | –– | –– | ||||
| Civil servant | 0.032 (0.060) | 0.020 (0.036) | −0.052 (0.096) | |||
| Self-employed | −0.022 (0.056) | −0.017 (0.046) | 0.038 (0.101) | |||
| Marginally employed | −0.021 (0.046) | −0.016 (0.037) | 0.038 (0.083) | |||
| School/vocational training/student | 0.011 (0.031) | 0.008 (0.021) | −0.019 (0.052) | |||
| Pensioner | −0.017 (0.028) | −0.013 (0.022) | 0.030 (0.049) | |||
| Unemployed | 0.057* (0.028) | 0.035* (0.015) | −0.092* (0.043) | |||
| Other | 0.047 (0.029) | 0.029 (0.017) | −0.077 (0.046) | |||
| Regular employment, 2014–2019 (in years) | −0.008 (0.005) | −0.005 (0.003) | 0.013 (0.008) | |||
| Marginal employment, 2014–2019 (in years) | −0.000 (0.005) | −0.000 (0.003) | 0.000 (0.008) | |||
| Never received unemployment benefits (ref: received unemployment benefits) | −0.011 (0.012) | −0.007 (0.008) | 0.018 (0.021) | |||
| Ever received means-tested basic income support (ref: no) | 0.017 (0.017) | 0.012 (0.012) | −0.028 (0.029) | |||
| Dummy: last position = part time | 0.014 (0.016) | 0.009 (0.011) | −0.023 (0.027) | |||
| Last daily wage | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | |||
Note(s): *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Estimated marginal effects and standard errors (in parentheses). Vignette position was controlled for in both models and had no effect
Source(s): Authors' own calculations, ordered logit models
========== (see footnote 4)
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