Comprehensive information on reviewed articles
| Author | Theory | Sample characteristics | Study design | Platform | Investigated variables | Dependent variable | Mediator/ moderator | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muise et al. (2009) | – | N = 308, 75% female, mean age = 18.7 years (SD = 0.97). Average daily FB use = 38.93 minutes (SD = 32.13); 68 responses to open-ended question | Survey | Time spent on FB, trust, trait jealousy | FB jealousy | – | Gender, personality factors (trait jealousy, trust, self-esteem), and relationship factors (relational uncertainty and commitment) | |
| Mod (2010) | – | N = 11, 63.6% female, mean age = n.a., age range = 21–24 years | Interview | Themes: relationship status, public display of affection, photographs | – | – | – | |
| Elphinston and Noller (2011) | – | N = 342, 57% female, mean age = 19.75 years (SD = 1.79) | Survey | Romantic jealousy (cognitive, surveillance behavior), age, gender, FB intrusion, length of relationship, length of FB membership, time spent on FB (hours/week) | Relational satisfaction | Mediators: romantic jealousy, surveillance behavior | – | |
| Utz and Beukeboom (2011) | – | N = 194, 71.1% female, mean age = 22 years (SD = 3.54) | Survey | Social media | Monitoring behavior, trait jealousy, need for popularity, SNS use (profile maintenance, grooming), relationship satisfaction, login frequency, SNS intensity | SNS jealousy, SNS relationship happiness | Moderator: self-esteem | Gender |
| Dijkstra et al. (2013) | – | N = 312, 62.8% female, mean age: men (homosexual) = 28.1 years (SD = 12.7), men (heterosexual) = 29.3 years (SD = 11.1), women (homosexual) = 32.4 years (SD = 15.3), women (heterosexual) = 28.2 years (SD = 12.2) | Survey | Internet | Jealousy emotions (threat, betrayal, anger), gender | Different scores of emotions according to gender, and sexual orientation in ten jealousy-evoking scenarios of partner behavior | – | – |
| Marshall et al. (2013) | Attachment theory, actor–partner interdependence model | Study 1: N = 225, 89.3% female, mean age of males = 21.44 years (SD = 7.02), mean age of females = 22.53 (SD = 5.16); Study 2: N = 68, mean age of males = 26.93 years (SD = 5.11), mean age of females = 25.36 years (SD = 4.84) | Study 1: cross-sectional survey Study 2: survey and diary | Study 1: anxious attachment, avoidance attachment, self-esteem, gender, FB minutes, number of friends Study 2: attachment, anxiety, avoidance, global (trust, satisfaction, commitment, intimacy, passion, love), FB minutes, FB checking | FB jealousy, surveillance | Study 1: Mediators: relationship quality (intimacy, satisfaction, commitment, passion, love, trust) Study 2: Mediators: trust, actor's daily jealousy | Study 1: relationship status Study 2: trait neuroticism | |
| McAndrew and Shah (2013) | – | N = 40, 60% female, mean age not reported | Survey | Mate guarding, distressing partner activities, jealous feelings, relationship confidence, fear of rivals, fear of poachers, fear of leaving, spying | Self vs. partner's hypothetical responses to jealousy | – | – | |
| Muscanell et al. (2013) | – | N = 226, 69.9% female, mean age = 19 years (SD = 1.75) | Experiment | Gender, FB privacy settings, presence of couple photos | Emotions (jealousy, anger, hurt, disgust) | – | – | |
| Nitzburg and Farber (2013) | Attachment theory | N = 339, 63.1% female, mean age = 21.5 years (SD = 2.95) | Survey | Social media | Sociodemographics, attachment style, jealousy, envy, surveillance | Face-to-face communication avoidance, feeling of intimacy with others during SNS use | – | – |
| Cohen et al. (2014) | – | N = 191, 48.2% female mean age = 22.7 years (SD = 5.44) | Experiment | Message access exclusivity, negative emotion, threat perception | Emotional and behavioral response (confrontation) | Mediators: threat perception, emotions | – | |
| Drouin et al. (2014) | Attachment theory, the model of relationship investment | N = 148, 73.6% female, mean age = 20.59 years (SD = 4.66) | Survey | Attachment anxiety, commitment, romantic alternatives on friend list, no. of friends | FB solicitation | Mediator: FB jealousy | – | |
| Fleuriet et al. (2014) | Attachment theory | N = 821, 53% female, mean age = 20.38 years (SD = 3.35) | Experiment | Nonverbal cues (photos, physical attractiveness, emoticons, capitalization, hyperbolic punctuation), attachment style, jealousy-provoking post, gender, relationship type | Negative emotion experienced after seeing jealousy-provoking FB post | – | – | |
| Lucero et al. (2014) | – | N = 23, 56.5% female, age range 13–18 years | Focus group | Socially interactive technologies | Emergent themes: type of socially interactive technology, abusive action (monitoring), consequence, gender differences | – | – | – |
| Muise et al. (2014) | Attachment theory | Study 1: N = 160, 48% female, mean age = 19.16 years (SD = 1.68); Study 2: 108 couples, mean age = 21.05 years (SD = 0.94) | Study 1: experiment Study 2: daily experience study (diary) | Gender, condition of relationship, FB search behavior, trait jealousy, trust, simulated FB site use, FB jealousy (in two studies) | Jealousy, search behavior, attachment anxiety, partner monitoring | Moderators: gender; mediator.: attachment anxiety | – | |
| Stewart et al. (2014) | Uncertainty reduction theory, relational maintenance theory | N = 281, 33.6% female, mean age = 20.05 years (SD = 1.72) | Survey | Relational satisfaction, uncertainty (behavioral, mutual, definitional, future), FB jealousy, relational maintenance (positivity, openness, assurances, monitoring) | Relational maintenance, online monitoring | – | – | |
| Billedo et al. (2015) | – | N = 272, 68.75% female, mean age = 23 years (SD = 4.37) | Survey | Long-distance relationship, geographically close relationship, gender | FB use intensity, relational certainty, SNS strategic maintenance, SNS routine maintenance, partner surveillance, FB jealousy, commitment, relationship satisfaction, trust | – | – | |
| Brem et al. (2015) | – | N = 177, 63.3% female, mean age = 20.45 years (SD = 4.14) | Survey | FB mate-retention tactics (care and affection, jealousy and surveillance, possession signals, punishment of infidelity threat), offline mate-retention tactics, gender, time spent on FB | Intimate partner aggression (psychological aggression, physical abuse) | Mediator: FB mate-retention tactics | Gender, amount of time spent on FB on a typical day | |
| Dainton and Stokes (2015) | Uses and gratifications framework (also draw insights from componential model of jealousy and literature on uncertainty reduction) | N = 189, 56.5% female, mean age = 21.36 years (SD = 2.30) | Survey | Jealousy (trait, emotional, cognitive, Facebook), maintenance motive, FB use | Relationship-maintenance behavior (FB openness, positivity, assurance, monitoring) | – | ||
| Fox and Moreland (2015) | – | N = 44, 61.3% female, mean age = 23.36 years (SD = 6.79) | Focus group | Themes: managing inappropriate or annoying content, being tethered, lack of privacy and control, social comparison and jealousy, relationship tension and conflict | – | – | – | |
| Hudson et al. (2015) | – | Study 1: N = 83, 50.6% female, mean age = 19.94 years (SD = 1.80); Study 2: N = 83, 53.1% female, mean age = 19.87 years (SD = 1.52); Study 3: N = 83, 54.05% female, mean age = 20.2 years (SD = 1.80) | Survey | Emoticon presence, gender | FB jealousy | – | – | |
| Orosz et al. (2015) | – | N = 292, 78.8% female, mean age = 24.92 years (SD = 6.62) | Survey | FB status, length of relationship, use intensity | Jealousy, romantic love | – | For jealousy: intensity of FB use, gender, love For love: jealousy, length of relationship, FB use intensity, gender, age | |
| Rueda et al. (2015) | – | N1 = 64, 62.5% female, mean age = 16.66 years (SD = 0.8); N2 = 34 (couples), 50% female, mean age = 16.25 (SD = 0.8) | Focus group, observation | ICT | N1 themes: technology contributed to romantic jealousy; mistrust propagated partner monitoring, surveillance, and controlling behaviors; technology alerted others to unhealthy romantic relationships N2 themes: jealousy and mistrust, instant communication and harassment, platforms contributed to misunderstanding (discuss cultural/ ethnic considerations) | – | – | – |
| Utz et al. (2015) | – | N = 77, 76.6% female, mean age = 22.5 years (SD = 4.21) | Survey | Facebook, Snapchat | Need for popularity, need for self-esteem, Snapchat jealousy, FB jealousy, social media use characteristics, motives for use | – | – | – |
| Zandbergen and Brown (2015) | – | N = 145, 69.7% female, mean age = 20.81 years (SD = 6.04) | Mixed method | Social media | Gender, individualism and collectivism (culture); jealousy causal themes: infidelity, expectations of time and commitment, social media, self-esteem | Emotional and sexual infidelity | – | – |
| Baker and Carreño (2016) | – | N = 39, 46% female, mean age = n.a., age range 14–19 years | Focus group | Social media | Themes: getting in (initiating contact), jealousy, monitoring (discussed with respect to partner's behavior), partner-imposed isolation, breaking off contact | – | – | – |
| Carpenter (2016) | White and Mullen's jealousy model | N = 196, 86.8% female, mean age = 25.65 years (SD = 7.69) | Survey | User behavior (participants' FB use extent, partner surveillance), partner behavior (frequency of status updates, interaction with attractive people, posts on walls, becoming friends with attractive people unknown to participant), rival behavior (frequency of posts from unknown attractive people, interaction with ex-partners), FB jealousy-inducing behavior | Relational maintenance behavior (social contact, response-seeking and relational assurances), negative coping mechanisms (intention to end, willingness to engage in extra-dyadic casual sex), cognitive jealousy | Moderator: partner trust | – | |
| Macapagal et al. (2016) | – | N = 323, 0% female (gay, bisexual, and queer- identified men), mean age = 40.1 years (SD = 10.8) | Survey (open ended items) | Social media | Themes: relationship characteristics, app usage, perceived benefits and drawbacks of app usage, app usage in relationship agreements | – | – | – |
| Nongpong and Charoensukmongkol (2016) | – | N = 256, 72% female, mean age = 36 years (SD = 6.886) | Survey | Jealousy, lack of caring, loneliness, own social media use, partner's social media use | Intention to break up/divorce | Moderator: partner's social media use | Relationship characteristics | |
| van Ouytsel et al. (2016) | – | N = 57, 66.7% female, mean age = n.a., age range = 15–18 years | Focus group | Social media | Themes: use of SNS (e.g. information seeking; relationship maintenance) when initiating a romantic relationship, during a romantic relationship, relationship dissolution | – | – | – |
| Halpern et al. (2017) | Self-affirmation theory | N = 305, 51.3% female, mean age = n.a., age range 18–65+, 55% aged 18–34 years | Survey | Social media | Frequency of selfie posting | Perceived relationship quality | Mediators: jealousy, online idealized persona, SNS photo-related conflicts | Age, gender, relationship length, selfies with partners |
| Holmgren and Coyne (2017) | The general theory of addiction | N = 442, 51.6% female, mean age = 18.86 years (SD = 1.00) | Survey | Social media | Pathological social media use (discussion on upward social comparison, jealousy, lack of self-control) | Depression, relational aggression | Mediator: self-regulation | General social media use |
| Iqbal and Jami (2017) | – | N = 200, 50% female, mean age = 31.24 years (SD = 5.18) | Survey | FB jealousy (validated structure with three factors: insecurity, inquisition, and infidelity), marital satisfaction | – | – | – | |
| Moyano et al. (2017) | – | N = 1,144; n (Spain) = 393, 65.1% females, mean age = 25 years (SD = 7.44); n (Colombia) = 600, 64.5% females, mean age = 24.7 years (SD = 7.50); n (Ecuador) = 151, 58.9% female, mean age = 22.3 years (SD = 3.03) | Survey | Self-esteem, partner conflicts and coping strategies (compromise, avoidance, interactional reactivity, separation, domination, submission), romantic partner jealousy, age, length of relationship | FB jealousy | – | – | |
| Altakhaineh and Alnamer (2018) | – | N = 240, 50% female, mean age = n.a., age range = 17–60+ years | Mixed method | Gender, attitude toward FB posts, age, duration of FB use, reasons for sharing posts, negative emotions evoked (jealousy, hate, annoyance, demotivation, inferiority, sadness) | Gender and age differences | – | – | |
| Bevan (2018) | – | N = 474, 78.06% female, mean age = 22.78 years (SD = 5.24) | Survey | Social media | Password sharing, online surveillance, SNS jealousy, account monitoring, relationship length and status, no. of SNS accounts, daily time spent on SNS, age, relationship satisfaction | – | – | – |
| Daspe et al. (2018) | Actor–partner interdependence model | N1 = 1,508, 86.14% females, mean age = 20.51 years (SD = 2.54); N2 = 92, 50% females, mean age = 20.14 years (SD = 2.16) | Survey | FB use, relationship length (for both partners of a couple in Study 2) | Intimate partner violence | Mediator: FB jealousy | – | |
| Demirtaş-Madran (2018) | Power perspective, evolutionary perspective of gender differences, the theory of evolved gender differences, cognitive theory of jealousy | N = 846, 61% female, mean age = 27.34 years (SD = 9.12) | Survey | Aggression (physical, verbal aggression, hostility, anger), age, self-esteem, gender, relational duration, length, relational satisfaction (cultural consideration discussed but not tested) | FB jealousy | – | – | |
| Dunn and Billett (2018*) | Parental investment theory | N = 44, 52.2% female, mean age = 21.3 years (SD = 4.06) | Experiment | Content of the message: message type (emotional/sexual infidelity), message direction (sent/received), participant gender (same-sex/other-sex rival) | Level of distress due to message content and direction | – | – | |
| Frampton and Fox (2018) | Hyper-personal model, grounded theory approach, social comparison theory, the theory of motivated information management | N = 36, 58.3% female, mean age = 20.06 years (SD = 1.29) | Focus group | Social media | Factors leading to retroactive jealousy: social comparison, digital remnants, relational uncertainty; managing jealousy: offensive strategy (information gathering purposes—disparage a partner's exes, avoid direct interactive information seeking, digitally fact-check); defensive strategy (reframing/cognitive appraisal, avoidance); contextual conditions—accessibility, social norms | – | – | – |
| Chang (2019) | Attachment theory, goal cognition theory | N = 1,053, 59.1% female, mean age = 21.94 years (SD = 3.67) | Survey | Anxious/avoidant attachment, time spent on the internet, age, gender | Quiescent–agitated ambivalence, happy–dejected ambivalence | Mediators: motive to belong (directive function), social vigilance (regulatory function), fear of being excluded (control function) | – | |
| González-Rivera and Hernández-Gato (2019) | – | N = 300, 50% female, mean age = 32.87 years (SD = 7.096) | Survey | Validated structure: partner's FB intrusion, conflict over FB use, jealousy over FB use | – | – | – | |
| Iqbal and Jami (2019) | Negative effect hypothesis, self-selection hypothesis | N = 302, 51.3% female, mean age = 31.14 years (SD = 5.45) | Survey | Trust, FB use intensity | Marital satisfaction | Mediators: online surveillance, FB-related jealousy | – | |
| Seidman (2019) | Five-factor personality model | N = 257, 58.57% female, mean age = 32.77 years (SD = 9.18) | Survey | Big 5 (agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness) | FB-related relationship difficulties (conflict, jealousy) | Mediators: relationship-maintenance activities (excessive public displays, public displays and partner surveillance) | FB posting frequency, age, gender, relationship length | |
| Seidman et al. (2019) | Dual-factor model (need to belong and self-presentation), belongingness/connection framework | N1 = 93, 75.3% females, mean age = 26.91 years (SD = 9.57), N2 = 255, 58.8% females, mean age = 32.87 years (SD = 9.25) | Survey | FB-oriented relationship behavior (monitoring, public display, excessive public display, private exchange), jealousy, relationship satisfaction | Perceived increase in relationship closeness | Moderator: FB-induced jealousy | Weekly hours spent on FB, frequency of checking FB, frequency of posting on FB, length of romantic involvement, age, gender | |
| Dunn and Ward (2020**) | Parental investment theory, inclusive fitness theory | N = 76, 57.9% female, mean age = 21.5 years (SD = 4.01) | Experiment | Snapchat | Message content (sexual and emotional infidelity), third-party rival (same-sex sibling, friend, stranger), gender (male/female) | Respondents' imagined level of jealousy | – | – |
| Author | Theory | Sample characteristics | Study design | Platform | Investigated variables | Dependent variable | Mediator/ moderator | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | Survey | Time spent on FB, trust, trait jealousy | FB jealousy | – | Gender, personality factors (trait jealousy, trust, self-esteem), and relationship factors (relational uncertainty and commitment) | |||
| – | Interview | Themes: relationship status, public display of affection, photographs | – | – | – | |||
| – | Survey | Romantic jealousy (cognitive, surveillance behavior), age, gender, FB intrusion, length of relationship, length of FB membership, time spent on FB (hours/week) | Relational satisfaction | Mediators: romantic jealousy, surveillance behavior | – | |||
| – | Survey | Social media | Monitoring behavior, trait jealousy, need for popularity, SNS use (profile maintenance, grooming), relationship satisfaction, login frequency, SNS intensity | SNS jealousy, SNS relationship happiness | Moderator: self-esteem | Gender | ||
| – | Survey | Internet | Jealousy emotions (threat, betrayal, anger), gender | Different scores of emotions according to gender, and sexual orientation in ten jealousy-evoking scenarios of partner behavior | – | – | ||
| Attachment theory, actor–partner interdependence model | Study 1: | Study 1: cross-sectional survey | Study 1: anxious attachment, avoidance attachment, self-esteem, gender, FB minutes, number of friends | FB jealousy, surveillance | Study 1: | Study 1: relationship status | ||
| – | Survey | Mate guarding, distressing partner activities, jealous feelings, relationship confidence, fear of rivals, fear of poachers, fear of leaving, spying | Self vs. partner's hypothetical responses to jealousy | – | – | |||
| – | Experiment | Gender, FB privacy settings, presence of couple photos | Emotions (jealousy, anger, hurt, disgust) | – | – | |||
| Attachment theory | Survey | Social media | Sociodemographics, attachment style, jealousy, envy, surveillance | Face-to-face communication avoidance, feeling of intimacy with others during SNS use | – | – | ||
| – | Experiment | Message access exclusivity, negative emotion, threat perception | Emotional and behavioral response (confrontation) | Mediators: threat perception, emotions | – | |||
| Attachment theory, the model of relationship investment | Survey | Attachment anxiety, commitment, romantic alternatives on friend list, no. of friends | FB solicitation | Mediator: FB jealousy | – | |||
| Attachment theory | Experiment | Nonverbal cues (photos, physical attractiveness, emoticons, capitalization, hyperbolic punctuation), attachment style, jealousy-provoking post, gender, relationship type | Negative emotion experienced after seeing jealousy-provoking FB post | – | – | |||
| – | Focus group | Socially interactive technologies | Emergent themes: type of socially interactive technology, abusive action (monitoring), consequence, gender differences | – | – | – | ||
| Attachment theory | Study 1: | Study 1: experiment | Gender, condition of relationship, FB search behavior, trait jealousy, trust, simulated FB site use, FB jealousy (in two studies) | Jealousy, search behavior, attachment anxiety, partner monitoring | Moderators: gender; mediator.: attachment anxiety | – | ||
| Uncertainty reduction theory, relational maintenance theory | Survey | Relational satisfaction, uncertainty (behavioral, mutual, definitional, future), FB jealousy, relational maintenance (positivity, openness, assurances, monitoring) | Relational maintenance, online monitoring | – | – | |||
| – | Survey | Long-distance relationship, geographically close relationship, gender | FB use intensity, relational certainty, SNS strategic maintenance, SNS routine maintenance, partner surveillance, FB jealousy, commitment, relationship satisfaction, trust | – | – | |||
| – | Survey | FB mate-retention tactics (care and affection, jealousy and surveillance, possession signals, punishment of infidelity threat), offline mate-retention tactics, gender, time spent on FB | Intimate partner aggression (psychological aggression, physical abuse) | Mediator: FB mate-retention tactics | Gender, amount of time spent on FB on a typical day | |||
| Uses and gratifications framework (also draw insights from componential model of jealousy and literature on uncertainty reduction) | Survey | Jealousy (trait, emotional, cognitive, Facebook), maintenance motive, FB use | Relationship-maintenance behavior (FB openness, positivity, assurance, monitoring) | – | ||||
| – | Focus group | Themes: managing inappropriate or annoying content, being tethered, lack of privacy and control, social comparison and jealousy, relationship tension and conflict | – | – | – | |||
| – | Study 1: | Survey | Emoticon presence, gender | FB jealousy | – | – | ||
| – | Survey | FB status, length of relationship, use intensity | Jealousy, romantic love | – | For jealousy: intensity of FB use, gender, love | |||
| – | Focus group, observation | ICT | N1 themes: technology contributed to romantic jealousy; mistrust propagated partner monitoring, surveillance, and controlling behaviors; technology alerted others to unhealthy romantic relationships | – | – | – | ||
| – | Survey | Facebook, Snapchat | Need for popularity, need for self-esteem, Snapchat jealousy, FB jealousy, social media use characteristics, motives for use | – | – | – | ||
| – | Mixed method | Social media | Gender, individualism and collectivism (culture); jealousy causal themes: infidelity, expectations of time and commitment, social media, self-esteem | Emotional and sexual infidelity | – | – | ||
| – | Focus group | Social media | Themes: getting in (initiating contact), jealousy, monitoring (discussed with respect to partner's behavior), partner-imposed isolation, breaking off contact | – | – | – | ||
| White and Mullen's jealousy model | Survey | User behavior (participants' FB use extent, partner surveillance), partner behavior (frequency of status updates, interaction with attractive people, posts on walls, becoming friends with attractive people unknown to participant), rival behavior (frequency of posts from unknown attractive people, interaction with ex-partners), FB jealousy-inducing behavior | Relational maintenance behavior (social contact, response-seeking and relational assurances), negative coping mechanisms (intention to end, willingness to engage in extra-dyadic casual sex), cognitive jealousy | Moderator: partner trust | – | |||
| – | Survey (open ended items) | Social media | Themes: relationship characteristics, app usage, perceived benefits and drawbacks of app usage, app usage in relationship agreements | – | – | – | ||
| – | Survey | Jealousy, lack of caring, loneliness, own social media use, partner's social media use | Intention to break up/divorce | Moderator: partner's social media use | Relationship characteristics | |||
| – | Focus group | Social media | Themes: use of SNS (e.g. information seeking; relationship maintenance) when initiating a romantic relationship, during a romantic | – | – | – | ||
| Self-affirmation theory | Survey | Social media | Frequency of selfie posting | Perceived relationship quality | Mediators: jealousy, online idealized persona, SNS photo-related conflicts | Age, gender, relationship length, selfies with partners | ||
| The general theory of addiction | Survey | Social media | Pathological social media use (discussion on upward social comparison, jealousy, lack of self-control) | Depression, relational aggression | Mediator: self-regulation | General social media use | ||
| – | Survey | FB jealousy (validated structure with three factors: insecurity, inquisition, and infidelity), marital satisfaction | – | – | – | |||
| – | Survey | Self-esteem, partner conflicts and coping strategies (compromise, avoidance, interactional reactivity, separation, domination, submission), romantic partner jealousy, age, length of relationship | FB jealousy | – | – | |||
| – | Mixed method | Gender, attitude toward FB posts, age, duration of FB use, reasons for sharing posts, negative emotions evoked (jealousy, hate, annoyance, demotivation, inferiority, sadness) | Gender and age differences | – | – | |||
| – | Survey | Social media | Password sharing, online surveillance, SNS jealousy, account monitoring, relationship length and status, no. of SNS accounts, daily time spent on SNS, age, relationship satisfaction | – | – | – | ||
| Actor–partner interdependence model | Survey | FB use, relationship length (for both partners of a couple in Study 2) | Intimate partner violence | Mediator: FB jealousy | – | |||
| Power perspective, evolutionary perspective of gender differences, the theory of evolved gender differences, cognitive theory of jealousy | Survey | Aggression (physical, verbal aggression, hostility, anger), age, self-esteem, gender, relational duration, length, relational satisfaction (cultural consideration discussed but not tested) | FB jealousy | – | – | |||
| Parental investment theory | Experiment | Content of the message: message type (emotional/sexual infidelity), message direction (sent/received), participant gender (same-sex/other-sex rival) | Level of distress due to message content and direction | – | – | |||
| Hyper-personal model, grounded theory approach, social comparison theory, the theory of motivated information management | Focus group | Social media | Factors leading to retroactive jealousy: social comparison, digital remnants, relational uncertainty; managing jealousy: offensive strategy (information gathering purposes—disparage a partner's exes, avoid direct interactive information seeking, digitally fact-check); defensive strategy (reframing/cognitive appraisal, avoidance); contextual conditions—accessibility, social norms | – | – | – | ||
| Attachment theory, goal cognition theory | Survey | Anxious/avoidant attachment, time spent on the internet, age, gender | Quiescent–agitated ambivalence, happy–dejected ambivalence | Mediators: motive to belong (directive function), social vigilance (regulatory function), fear of being excluded (control function) | – | |||
| – | Survey | Validated structure: partner's FB intrusion, conflict over FB use, jealousy over FB use | – | – | – | |||
| Negative effect hypothesis, self-selection hypothesis | Survey | Trust, FB use intensity | Marital satisfaction | Mediators: online surveillance, FB-related jealousy | – | |||
| Five-factor personality model | Survey | Big 5 (agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness) | FB-related relationship difficulties (conflict, jealousy) | Mediators: relationship-maintenance activities (excessive public displays, public displays and partner surveillance) | FB posting frequency, age, gender, relationship length | |||
| Dual-factor model (need to belong and self-presentation), belongingness/connection framework | Survey | FB-oriented relationship behavior (monitoring, public display, excessive public display, private exchange), jealousy, relationship satisfaction | Perceived increase in relationship closeness | Moderator: FB-induced jealousy | Weekly hours spent on FB, frequency of checking FB, frequency of posting on FB, length of romantic involvement, | |||
| Parental investment theory, inclusive fitness theory | Experiment | Snapchat | Message content (sexual and emotional infidelity), third-party rival (same-sex sibling, friend, stranger), gender (male/female) | Respondents' imagined level of jealousy | – | – |
Note(s): *Published online in 2017, ** Published online in 2019, ICT: Internet communication technology, n.a.: not available, SD: standard deviation, FB: Facebook, SNS: Social networking sites, app: mobile application
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