Low- and middle-income countries in the sample
| Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) | Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) | Europe and Central Asia (ECA) | East Asia and Pacific (EAP) | Middle East and North Africa (MENA) | South Asia (SA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana (UM) | Argentina (UM) | Armenia (UM) | Cambodia (LM) | Algeria (LM) | Bangladesh (LM) |
| Burkina Faso (LI) | Brazil (UM) | Azerbaijan (UM) | China (UM) | Morocco (LM) | India (LM) |
| Cameroon (LM) | Colombia (UM) | Belarus (UM) | Indonesia (LM) | Tunisia (LM) | Maldives (UM) |
| Congo (LM) | Costa Rica (UM) | Georgia (UM) | Philippines (LM) | ||
| Cote d’Ivoire (LM) | Dom. Rep. (UM) | Kazakhstan (UM) | Thailand (UM) | ||
| Ethiopia (LI) | Ecuador ((UM) | Moldova (UM) | |||
| Gambia (LI) | El Salvador (LM) | Ukraine (LM) | |||
| Lesotho (LM) | Guatemala (UM) | ||||
| Madagascar (LI) | Honduras (LM) | ||||
| Malawi (LI) | Jamaica (UM) | ||||
| Mali (LI) | Mexico (UM) | ||||
| Namibia (UM) | Nicaragua (LM) | ||||
| Tanzania (LM) | Panama (UM) | ||||
| Togo (LI) | Paraguay (UM) | ||||
| Zambia (LM) | Peru (UM) | ||||
| Suriname (UM) | |||||
| Venezuela (UM) |
| Botswana (UM) | Argentina (UM) | Armenia (UM) | Cambodia (LM) | Algeria (LM) | Bangladesh (LM) |
| Burkina Faso (LI) | Brazil (UM) | Azerbaijan (UM) | China (UM) | Morocco (LM) | India (LM) |
| Cameroon (LM) | Colombia (UM) | Belarus (UM) | Indonesia (LM) | Tunisia (LM) | Maldives (UM) |
| Congo (LM) | Costa Rica (UM) | Georgia (UM) | Philippines (LM) | ||
| Cote d’Ivoire (LM) | Dom. Rep. (UM) | Kazakhstan (UM) | Thailand (UM) | ||
| Ethiopia (LI) | Ecuador ((UM) | Moldova (UM) | |||
| Gambia (LI) | El Salvador (LM) | Ukraine (LM) | |||
| Lesotho (LM) | Guatemala (UM) | ||||
| Madagascar (LI) | Honduras (LM) | ||||
| Malawi (LI) | Jamaica (UM) | ||||
| Mali (LI) | Mexico (UM) | ||||
| Namibia (UM) | Nicaragua (LM) | ||||
| Tanzania (LM) | Panama (UM) | ||||
| Togo (LI) | Paraguay (UM) | ||||
| Zambia (LM) | Peru (UM) | ||||
| Suriname (UM) | |||||
| Venezuela (UM) |
Notes:
(LI) indicates that the country belongs to World Bank’s (WB) low-income cluster; (LM) refers to lower-middle-income countries; and (UM) refers to upper-middle-income countries. United Nations (2022), World Bank