Table 1.

Low- and middle-income countries in the sample

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)Latin America and
Caribbean (LAC)
Europe and
Central Asia (ECA)
East Asia and
Pacific (EAP)
Middle East and
North Africa (MENA)
South Asia (SA)
Botswana (UM)Argentina (UM)Armenia (UM)Cambodia (LM)Algeria (LM)Bangladesh (LM)
Burkina Faso (LI)Brazil (UM)Azerbaijan (UM)China (UM)Morocco (LM)India (LM)
Cameroon (LM)Colombia (UM)Belarus (UM)Indonesia (LM)Tunisia (LM)Maldives (UM)
Congo (LM)Costa Rica (UM)Georgia (UM)Philippines (LM)  
Cote d’Ivoire (LM)Dom. Rep. (UM)Kazakhstan (UM)Thailand (UM)  
Ethiopia (LI)Ecuador ((UM)Moldova (UM)   
Gambia (LI)El Salvador (LM)Ukraine (LM)   
Lesotho (LM)Guatemala (UM)    
Madagascar (LI)Honduras (LM)    
Malawi (LI)Jamaica (UM)    
Mali (LI)Mexico (UM)    
Namibia (UM)Nicaragua (LM)    
Tanzania (LM)Panama (UM)    
Togo (LI)Paraguay (UM)    
Zambia (LM)Peru (UM)    
 Suriname (UM)    
 Venezuela (UM)    

Notes:

(LI) indicates that the country belongs to World Bank’s (WB) low-income cluster; (LM) refers to lower-middle-income countries; and (UM) refers to upper-middle-income countries. United Nations (2022), World Bank

Source: Table created by author

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