Table 2. Sample statistics of the...

Table 2.

Sample statistics of the variables

Variables	Mean	Max	Min
IFFT_it (total value gaps in trade, % of total trade)	19.31	55.78	10.43
OME_it (ores and metals exports, % of merchandise exports)	8.56	84.78	0.01
INF_it (inflation rate %, annual)	6.67	75.28	−20.63
Corruption_it [Index, from less corrupt (0) to more corrupt (1)]	0.61	0.96	0.10
LI_i (= 1 for low-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.11	1	0
LM_i (= 1 for lower-middle-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.35	1	0
UM_i (= 1 for upper-middle-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.54	1	0
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI)	2.37	24.68	−0.48
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) LI_i	1.07	24.68	0
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) LM_i	0.84	14.56	−0.05
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) UM_i	0.46	7.40	−0.48
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP)	4.01	18.82	−6.55
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) LI_i	0.46	18.82	−1.03
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) LM_i	1.26	16.36	−0.61
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) UM_i	2.29	15.27	−6.55
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP)	0.77	32.70	−4.27
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) LI_i	0.17	32.70	−4.13
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) LM_i	0.18	9.10	−3.59
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) UM_i	0.42	6.80	−4.27

Variables	Mean	Max	Min
IFFT_it (total value gaps in trade, % of total trade)	19.31	55.78	10.43
OME_it (ores and metals exports, % of merchandise exports)	8.56	84.78	0.01
INF_it (inflation rate %, annual)	6.67	75.28	−20.63
Corruption_it [Index, from less corrupt (0) to more corrupt (1)]	0.61	0.96	0.10
LI_i (= 1 for low-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.11	1	0
LM_i (= 1 for lower-middle-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.35	1	0
UM_i (= 1 for upper-middle-income countries; = 0 otherwise)	0.54	1	0
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI)	2.37	24.68	−0.48
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) LI_i	1.07	24.68	0
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) LM_i	0.84	14.56	−0.05
ODA_it (net ODA received, % of GNI) UM_i	0.46	7.40	−0.48
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP)	4.01	18.82	−6.55
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) LI_i	0.46	18.82	−1.03
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) LM_i	1.26	16.36	−0.61
FDI_in_it−1 (net inflows, % of GDP) UM_i	2.29	15.27	−6.55
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP)	0.77	32.70	−4.27
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) LI_i	0.17	32.70	−4.13
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) LM_i	0.18	9.10	−3.59
FDI_out_it (net outflows, % of GDP) UM_i	0.42	6.80	−4.27

Notes:

Data sources: (IFFT) Global Financial Integrity (2020); (OME) World Bank/World Development Indicators; (INF) World Bank/World Development Indicators; (Corruption) Coppedge et al. (2021); (ODA) World Bank/World Development Indicators; (FDI) UNCTADStat; United Nations (2022), World Bank

Source: Table created by author (unbalanced panel, 49 countries over the period 2008–2017. # of observations: 405)

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