| Regulative | Changing taxation | (Buhr, 2012; Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Enforcing | (Bertella, 2017; Jolly, 2017; Li et al., 2018; Litrico and David, 2017; Zhao et al., 2017) |
| Financial backing | (Bartley, 2007; Benn et al., 2014; Bohnsack et al., 2015; Canales, 2016; Cao et al., 2014; Elliot, 2016; Gasbarro et al., 2018; Glassmann, 2008; Jolly, 2017; Kukk et al., 2016; Thomas and Thomas, 2018; Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Gatekeeping | (Glassmann, 2008; Jolly, 2017; Yep, 2015; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Legislating | (Brès and Gond, 2014; Koene, 2006) |
| Rule- and price-setting | (Bartley, 2007; Bohnsack et al., 2015; Jolly, 2017; Li et al., 2018; Walker et al., 2014; Zhang and White, 2016; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Normative | Generic campaigning | (Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Specific guiding | (Buchanan and Marques, 2018; Zhang and White, 2016; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Cultural-cognitive | Consulting | (Brès and Gond, 2014; Gurses and Ozcan, 2015; Jolly, 2017) |
| Defining market boundaries and terms | (Binz et al., 2016) |
| Educating | (Binz et al., 2016; Canales, 2016; Glassmann, 2008; Stål, 2015) |
| Lobbying | (Binz et al., 2016; Kukk et al., 2016) |
| Mimicking | (Binz et al., 2016) |
| Orchestrating collaboration | (Bartley, 2007; Canales, 2016; Jolly, 2017) |
| Researching | (Alvarez et al., 2015; Binz et al., 2016; Buhr, 2012; Litrico and David, 2017) |
| Standardizing | (Bartley, 2007; Buhr, 2012; Litrico and David, 2017) |
| Venturing | (Sarasini, 2013) |
| Visioning | (Canales, 2016; Jolly, 2017; Jolly and Raven, 2015; Stål, 2015) |