| Regulative mechanisms |
| Altering regulators | Setting up new regulators and agreeing new roles for regulators | FIN, SWE and NZ | New mechanism |
| Changing taxation | Guiding market behavior by adjusting tax rates or what is or is not being taxed | FIN and SWE | (Buhr, 2012; Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Enforcing | Ensuring compliance with laws and rules | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Bertella, 2017; Jolly, 2017; Li et al., 2018; Litrico and David, 2017; Zhao et al., 2017) |
| Financial backing | Providing financial support (funding and guarantees) to market actors | n/a | (Bartley, 2007; Benn et al., 2014; Bohnsack et al., 2015; Canales, 2016; Cao et al., 2014; Elliot, 2016; Gasbarro et al., 2018; Glassmann, 2008; Jolly, 2017; Kukk et al., 2016; Thomas and Thomas, 2018; Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Gatekeeping | Controlling access to market with various permits and licences | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Glassmann, 2008; Jolly, 2017; Yep, 2015; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Legislating | Setting up new laws and rewriting old laws | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Brès and Gond, 2014; Koene, 2006) |
| Rule- and price-setting | Setting up rules for market behavior, including fees, licences, operating practices, volume of business activities, other than formal laws | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Bartley, 2007; Bohnsack et al., 2015; Jolly, 2017; Li et al., 2018; Walker et al., 2014; Zhang and White, 2016; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Normative mechanisms |
| Generic campaigning | Giving generic and indirect advice to market actors on appropriate behavior (e.g. positive examples of the normative foundations of the market) | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Zhang and White, 2016) |
| Specific guiding | Giving focused and direct advice to market actors on appropriate behavior (e.g. threatening of cutting public funding) | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Buchanan and Marques, 2018; Zhang and White, 2016; Zietsma and Lawrence, 2010) |
| Cultural-cognitive mechanisms |
| Consulting | Discussing with other market actors to reach a shared view of the market | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Brès and Gond, 2014; Gurses and Ozcan, 2015; Jolly, 2017) |
| Defining market boundaries and terms | Developing definitions and language in the market | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Binz et al., 2016) |
| Educating | Educating market actors in necessary skills and knowledge | n/a | (Binz et al., 2016; Canales, 2016; Glassmann, 2008; Stål, 2015) |
| Lobbying | Attempting to influence the actions, policies or decisions of other legislators or regulators; NB! Separate from being lobbied | FIN and SWE | (Binz et al., 2016; Kukk et al., 2016) |
| Mimicking | Linking new ideas with taken-for-granted solutions | n/a | (Binz et al., 2016) |
| Narrating | Telling stories to support market behavior | FIN, SWE and NZ | New mechanism |
| Orchestrating collaboration | Initiating and coordinating collaboration between market actors | n/a | (Bartley, 2007; Canales, 2016; Jolly, 2017) |
| Researching | Commissioning and conducting studies on selected topics | FIN, SWE and NZ | (Alvarez et al., 2015; Binz et al., 2016; Buhr, 2012; Litrico and David, 2017) |
| Standardizing | Creating standards for market solutions | n/a | (Bartley, 2007; Buhr, 2012; Litrico and David, 2017) |
| Venturing | Running business or controlling other assets through ownership | FIN and SWE | (Sarasini, 2013) |
| Visioning | Branstorming and visioning the future market with other actors | n/a | (Canales, 2016; Jolly, 2017; Jolly and Raven, 2015; Stål, 2015) |