Table A3 Cultural-cognitive mechanisms... | Emerald Publishing

Table A3

Cultural-cognitive mechanisms of institutional work by market-shaping public actors and illustrative quotes

Institutional pillar	Mechanism of institutional work	Finland	Sweden	New Zealand
Cultural-cognitive	Consulting	”We meet regularly, and we have had in both of these two projects that I have led, a steering group, which I have found very important. We have had chancellors (of different ministries) and the Prime Minister and then the Secretary of State from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the most significant actors. In the next step, also the new Chairman of Veikkaus joined the group.” (betting 3)	Pricing-dialogue network developed between customers and suppliers; establishing customer-supplier pricing dialogue – i.e. new types of relationships (Abrahamsson and Nilsson, 2015) “Something happened when they (Fortum) became more dedicated and we (Stockholm City) tried to contribute and it was even more about marketing a new Swedish innovation as a business concept” (district-heating 6)	“And then as the regulations started to come in, a few said, we think this regulatory framework is quite good. We're actually pretty good. As the FMA took that from MBIE, and started to turn it into regulations, and the consultations and the education that they did, we started to get even more comfortable that, hey, this is pretty good to be absolutely honest” (peer-to-peer3) “So, the process really kicked off in 2010 with the release of a discussion document, a consultation paper for the public. (…) That canvassed the key policy issues in a bit of detail, but still reasonably high level, here's the things we want to achieve, here's the basic changes that we think need to be made, what do you think?” (peer-to-peer 1)
	Defining market boundaries and terms	“We have had an important role as a regulator to limit and make sure that the development of the betting market has been under control. Or the development has been controlled, while at the same time there has been a question of monopoly vs PAF in Åland and international betting organizations from Malta and EU have been able to actively market in electronic devices. Whether it has been sky channels or social media/Internet so this has been a question that has gnawed at the discussion between the Ministry of Interior and betting companies, and partly with us too, on where we set the boundary for the surveillance, and what should be surveyed” (betting1)	“So far, data centers have been built with little consideration for the environment. We want to change that. We want future data centers to be even more cost efficient and truly green. With that objective, we are determined to make Stockholm a major hub for sustainable data centers. Together with other key players we have set up a partnership – Stockholm Data Parks – to make it happen.” Karin Wanngård, Mayor of Stockholm City (Stockholm Data Parks, 2017a)	“Financial service— (1) has the same meaning as in section 5 of the Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008; and (2) includes a market service; but (3) does not include, for the purposes of any provision of this Act, any class or classes of services declared by the regulations not to be financial services for the purposes of that provision” (Financial Markets Conduct Act, 2013) “Licensed market services means those market services— (1) that are required to be licensed under Part 6; or (2) for which a person holds a licence under Part 6 (whether or not required to do so)” (Financial Markets Conduct Act, 2013)
	Lobbying	“And then we had this one intervention, when we had one authority in Brussels for several years to oversee or to guard. And then we continued the process so that an external consultant was there until last year (2016), whose responsibility was to follow the development of the gaming and betting market and particularly European Union's politics in gaming and betting market” (betting 1)	“It is a new thought, that 'yes, maybe we should integrate (data centers) more in the city, because than we can reuse the heat and create a more sustainable city'. But if there is no room for this in the city's land-use plans, then it's … it is a political process. Then there are other aspects, I mean, could you put a data center here, they consume a large amount of electricity, then the network needs to be able to supply them with the power and in a secure way” (district-heating 2)	(not present in New Zealand’s case)
	Narrating	“Running gaming and betting business without the need to give back to the society is neither something considered self-evident nor an alternative worth aiming at from the perspective of the Finnish society” Janne Kaukonen, Superintendent, Ministry of Interior (Kaukonen, 2003)	“It is very good if one could do something that makes business sense and that can make a difference sustainability-wise, it is clear that it is better to have a data center heating up apartments than a coal power plant” (district-heating 6) “(…) it is not like we (Stockholm City) could not sell the land to other actors, it is rather that we try and think strategically about it – what is good for the city, because there is not much industrial land left. So work was done to try and convince the politicians that it was important that this happened [releasing land for data parks] and to try and see the possibilities to contribute to the Stockholm's sustainability activities” (district-heating 6)	“Governments and regulators around the world have recognized the potential for these informal debt and equity exchanges to be given official recognition and encouragement as capital markets in their own right. In the post-global financial crisis era, this attention means more rules and regulations for these nascent securities markets, given that authorities have realised that outright prohibition is counterproductive but they cannot permit a lax regime. (…) Last October, SEC chairwoman Mary Jo White noted at the announcement of the proposed rules that the intent of the JOBS Act was to “make it easier for startups and small businesses to raise capital from a wide range of potential investors and provide additional investment opportunities for investors.” She continued: “There is a great deal of excitement in the marketplace about the crowdfunding exemption, and I'm pleased that we're in a position to seek public comment on the proposal to permit crowdfunding. We want this market to thrive in a safe manner to investors.' (National Business Review, November 15, 2013)
	Researching	“There we had two alternatives for a long time that either we put all three activities (Veikkaus, RAY, and Fintoto) together or then RAY and Veikkaus and then leaving out the horse sector. But in the end we decided to combine all activities. But we never had a deeper look at the license system or any kind of hybrid system” (betting 3)	The government set up a third-party access (TPA) inquiry tasked with drawing up a regulatory framework for TPA to district heating networks (Andréasson et al., 2014). Proposing change of power structure – TPA, i.e. the traditional district heating suppliers not the only ones allowed to deliver heat into the system (SOU 2005, p. 33; SOU 2011, p. 44). Initiated public investigation into the prerequisites for introducing statutory third party access to district heating networks (Fjarrvarme i konkurrens SOU, 2011, p. 44) The Swedish Competition Authority launched an investigation into whether Fortum Värme was abusing its dominant position on the Stockholm District Heating market by taking out excessively high district heating prices, which is not permitted under the competition rules (Swedish Competition Authority, Dnr 521/2007) “So that (the two investigations) was the starting point, an outside threat really, you could actually say” (district-heating 1)	“During that regulation-making process (…) we did quite a lot of investigation into overseas experiences with those services. Particularly the UK was quite early in allowing crowdfunding and peer-to-peer, so there was quite a lot of really good data and good information to go from there” (peer-to-peer 1)
	Venturing	“Veikkaus was then, or actually until last year, under the ownership control of the Ministry of Education and Culture, so it was clear that it was corporate governed also administratively, and to create economic profitability to the level that beneficiaries, here in our ministry: culture, sport, art, science, and youth work got the euros that were budgeted” (betting 1)	“Stockholm City participates with two sites (…) Stockholm is a major property owner and the hope is that we will find more properties in which the model can be used. The work is part of the city's commitment to a sustainable environment” (Stockholm City, 2014) “Instead of building for the city, we use the infrastructure and the sites we have to influence the city. We make the city into something else. We attract activities (data parks) that otherwise would not be here” (district-heating 3) “Stockholm Data Parks is an initiative by the City of Stockholm, district heating and cooling provider Fortum Värme, power grid operator Ellevio and dark fiber provider Stokab” (Stockholm Data Parks, 2017b)	(not present in New Zealand’s case)

Institutional pillar	Mechanism of institutional work	Finland	Sweden	New Zealand
Cultural-cognitive	Consulting	”We meet regularly, and we have had in both of these two projects that I have led, a steering group, which I have found very important. We have had chancellors (of different ministries) and the Prime Minister and then the Secretary of State from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the most significant actors. In the next step, also the new Chairman of Veikkaus joined the group.” (betting 3)	Pricing-dialogue network developed between customers and suppliers; establishing customer-supplier pricing dialogue – i.e. new types of relationships (Abrahamsson and Nilsson, 2015)“Something happened when they (Fortum) became more dedicated and we (Stockholm City) tried to contribute and it was even more about marketing a new Swedish innovation as a business concept” (district-heating 6)	“And then as the regulations started to come in, a few said, we think this regulatory framework is quite good. We're actually pretty good. As the FMA took that from MBIE, and started to turn it into regulations, and the consultations and the education that they did, we started to get even more comfortable that, hey, this is pretty good to be absolutely honest” (peer-to-peer3)“So, the process really kicked off in 2010 with the release of a discussion document, a consultation paper for the public. (…) That canvassed the key policy issues in a bit of detail, but still reasonably high level, here's the things we want to achieve, here's the basic changes that we think need to be made, what do you think?” (peer-to-peer 1)
	Defining market boundaries and terms	“We have had an important role as a regulator to limit and make sure that the development of the betting market has been under control. Or the development has been controlled, while at the same time there has been a question of monopoly vs PAF in Åland and international betting organizations from Malta and EU have been able to actively market in electronic devices. Whether it has been sky channels or social media/Internet so this has been a question that has gnawed at the discussion between the Ministry of Interior and betting companies, and partly with us too, on where we set the boundary for the surveillance, and what should be surveyed” (betting1)	“So far, data centers have been built with little consideration for the environment. We want to change that. We want future data centers to be even more cost efficient and truly green. With that objective, we are determined to make Stockholm a major hub for sustainable data centers. Together with other key players we have set up a partnership – Stockholm Data Parks – to make it happen.” Karin Wanngård, Mayor of Stockholm City (Stockholm Data Parks, 2017a)	“Financial service— (1) has the same meaning as in section 5 of the Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008; and (2) includes a market service; but (3) does not include, for the purposes of any provision of this Act, any class or classes of services declared by the regulations not to be financial services for the purposes of that provision” (Financial Markets Conduct Act, 2013)“Licensed market services means those market services— (1) that are required to be licensed under Part 6; or (2) for which a person holds a licence under Part 6 (whether or not required to do so)” (Financial Markets Conduct Act, 2013)
	Lobbying	“And then we had this one intervention, when we had one authority in Brussels for several years to oversee or to guard. And then we continued the process so that an external consultant was there until last year (2016), whose responsibility was to follow the development of the gaming and betting market and particularly European Union's politics in gaming and betting market” (betting 1)	“It is a new thought, that 'yes, maybe we should integrate (data centers) more in the city, because than we can reuse the heat and create a more sustainable city'. But if there is no room for this in the city's land-use plans, then it's … it is a political process. Then there are other aspects, I mean, could you put a data center here, they consume a large amount of electricity, then the network needs to be able to supply them with the power and in a secure way” (district-heating 2)	(not present in New Zealand’s case)
	Narrating	“Running gaming and betting business without the need to give back to the society is neither something considered self-evident nor an alternative worth aiming at from the perspective of the Finnish society” Janne Kaukonen, Superintendent, Ministry of Interior (Kaukonen, 2003)	“It is very good if one could do something that makes business sense and that can make a difference sustainability-wise, it is clear that it is better to have a data center heating up apartments than a coal power plant” (district-heating 6)“(…) it is not like we (Stockholm City) could not sell the land to other actors, it is rather that we try and think strategically about it – what is good for the city, because there is not much industrial land left. So work was done to try and convince the politicians that it was important that this happened [releasing land for data parks] and to try and see the possibilities to contribute to the Stockholm's sustainability activities” (district-heating 6)	“Governments and regulators around the world have recognized the potential for these informal debt and equity exchanges to be given official recognition and encouragement as capital markets in their own right. In the post-global financial crisis era, this attention means more rules and regulations for these nascent securities markets, given that authorities have realised that outright prohibition is counterproductive but they cannot permit a lax regime. (…) Last October, SEC chairwoman Mary Jo White noted at the announcement of the proposed rules that the intent of the JOBS Act was to “make it easier for startups and small businesses to raise capital from a wide range of potential investors and provide additional investment opportunities for investors.” She continued: “There is a great deal of excitement in the marketplace about the crowdfunding exemption, and I'm pleased that we're in a position to seek public comment on the proposal to permit crowdfunding. We want this market to thrive in a safe manner to investors.' (National Business Review, November 15, 2013)
	Researching	“There we had two alternatives for a long time that either we put all three activities (Veikkaus, RAY, and Fintoto) together or then RAY and Veikkaus and then leaving out the horse sector. But in the end we decided to combine all activities. But we never had a deeper look at the license system or any kind of hybrid system” (betting 3)	The government set up a third-party access (TPA) inquiry tasked with drawing up a regulatory framework for TPA to district heating networks (Andréasson et al., 2014). Proposing change of power structure – TPA, i.e. the traditional district heating suppliers not the only ones allowed to deliver heat into the system (SOU 2005, p. 33; SOU 2011, p. 44). Initiated public investigation into the prerequisites for introducing statutory third party access to district heating networks (Fjarrvarme i konkurrens SOU, 2011, p. 44)The Swedish Competition Authority launched an investigation into whether Fortum Värme was abusing its dominant position on the Stockholm District Heating market by taking out excessively high district heating prices, which is not permitted under the competition rules (Swedish Competition Authority, Dnr 521/2007)“So that (the two investigations) was the starting point, an outside threat really, you could actually say” (district-heating 1)	“During that regulation-making process (…) we did quite a lot of investigation into overseas experiences with those services. Particularly the UK was quite early in allowing crowdfunding and peer-to-peer, so there was quite a lot of really good data and good information to go from there” (peer-to-peer 1)
	Venturing	“Veikkaus was then, or actually until last year, under the ownership control of the Ministry of Education and Culture, so it was clear that it was corporate governed also administratively, and to create economic profitability to the level that beneficiaries, here in our ministry: culture, sport, art, science, and youth work got the euros that were budgeted” (betting 1)	“Stockholm City participates with two sites (…) Stockholm is a major property owner and the hope is that we will find more properties in which the model can be used. The work is part of the city's commitment to a sustainable environment” (Stockholm City, 2014)“Instead of building for the city, we use the infrastructure and the sites we have to influence the city. We make the city into something else. We attract activities (data parks) that otherwise would not be here” (district-heating 3)“Stockholm Data Parks is an initiative by the City of Stockholm, district heating and cooling provider Fortum Värme, power grid operator Ellevio and dark fiber provider Stokab” (Stockholm Data Parks, 2017b)	(not present in New Zealand’s case)