Table 3

Characteristics of the four images of projectification

ImagesPrevalent view on projectificationMain level of analysisInherent value and consequences
Projectification as a managerial approachAn organizational restructuring initiative to increase the prevalence of projects in organizationsMesoProjectification is acknowledged as mainly a positive phenomenon, and enables adaptability and collective learning
Projectification as a societal trendThe long-term result of the embeddedness of project practices in culture and societal structuresMacroProjectification is an unavoidable trend with both negative and positive consequences
Projectification as a human stateThe implications of the reinforcement of the project discourse on humansMicro-MacroProjectification is largely described as an oppressive discourse with far-reaching negative consequences for project workers
Projectification as a philosophical issueA metaphysical shift in the perception of time, space and workMacro and MetaProjectification is described as a fundamentally socially changing phenomenon with complex consequences

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