Table A1 Methodological classification... | Emerald Publishing

Table A1

Methodological classification of the empirical phenomena

Empirical moment	Emergence of data utilization and data platform (Figure 1), Turku City Data Oy	Emergence of “Platform economy model” (Figure 1) The model is to describe	Emergence of Turku Asukasbudjetti (Turku citizen budget)
	City-owned data company that produces a knowledge graph framework for organizing data, exploring business problems and building reusable data products and analytic solutions	• What kind of platforms the city offers • What kind of actors can use the platforms and with what rules of the game • How value creation takes place from the perspective of different actors • How to promote and support interaction between actors • What are the roles and responsibilities of the city and other actors • How the city organizes and finances services and support related to the platforms	Digital platform for citizen participation, that helps citizens, organizations and public institutions self-organize democratically at every scale

Empirical moment	Emergence of data utilization and data platform (Figure 1), Turku City Data Oy	Emergence of “Platform economy model” (Figure 1)The model is to describe	Emergence of Turku Asukasbudjetti (Turku citizen budget)
	City-owned data company that produces a knowledge graph framework for organizing data, exploring business problems and building reusable data products and analytic solutions	• What kind of platforms the city offers • What kind of actors can use the platforms and with what rules of the game • How value creation takes place from the perspective of different actors • How to promote and support interaction between actors • What are the roles and responsibilities of the city and other actors • How the city organizes and finances services and support related to the platforms	Digital platform for citizen participation, that helps citizens, organizations and public institutions self-organize democratically at every scale

Modes of smartness	Accumulation of knowledge in ICT	Human intelligence	Participation
Processes of tracing	“Platform economy model” Turku City Data Oy	“Platform economy model” meetings	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	(in)visibility of infrastructures is mobilized in platform economy model group meetings	(in)visibility of infrastructures is mobilized in platform economy model group meetings	Proposals on the platform disclose people, locations and objects
Illustrative quote	/ … /they make a log of the temperature and other conditions in the property. All kinds of data, what food is offered in the staff canteens, and what is coming in. It’s a question of energy savings, how much has been saved in carbon dioxide, how much has been saved in water, what has been, such things. So, the thing is, it’s not just for the management; the information is returned to the clients and, for example, to the parents of the school/ … /	We have, for example, an awfully good division-based well-being management team that was in no way affiliated with smart and wise, but that well-being management team is such that you actually talk about people, and not about some data or [laughter] about artificial intelligence or something else	Turku is “too small and cramped” with the “treasure of Turku,” the archipelago (proposal “at least three boat berths in the Hirvensalo area”)
Processes of valuing	Turku City Data Oy	Turku citizen budget	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	Traceability is a value in itself for the SC generating representational objects (for example, smart city knowledge graph)	Evaluative infrastructure nudges citizens to perform in certain ways (citizen profile)	Citizens learn to sense value and the smell of infrastructure on the platform
Illustrative quote	“We have had different platform experiments here, but we have not, at least in the well-being activities, achieved greater platform functionality. Perhaps this platform for “traffic and mobility” is more to the fore now.”	Accepted proposals badge “This badge is granted when you actively participate with new proposals and these are accepted How can you earn it Choose the participation space of your interest with submission for proposals enabled Try to make proposals that can be carried out. This way they are more likely to be accepted”	“[i]n addition, it is impossible to cover this investment [in sewer capacity] with plot sales revenues and connection fees, as there are so few plots at a time and the value of the land is so low in North Turku.”
Processes of governing	Turku citizen budget	Platform economy model group meetings	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	TIs transform external relations with multiple entities to internal relations on the participatory budgeting platform	A model emerges that describes what are the roles and responsibilities of the city and other actors (80 platforms)	The platform acts as a mirror through which producers and their activities are made visible
Illustrative quote	“A total of 3,001 Turku residents voted on the Asukasbudjetti’s 239 plans. 52 projects progressed in implementation The city is responsible for coordinating and implementing the projects, but implementation will be done together with the proposers during 2021”	Creating the model “is really pragmatic, that is … to find an understanding of how Turku should evolve in this “platform thinking,” what it should proceed in doing, and how things could be evaluated between each other”	“one must at all times show how, why, by whom and with what guarantees a certain type of object of a participatory process was dismissed, approved or blocked”

Modes of smartness	Accumulation of knowledge in ICT	Human intelligence	Participation
Processes of tracing	“Platform economy model” Turku City Data Oy	“Platform economy model” meetings	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	(in)visibility of infrastructures is mobilized in platform economy model group meetings	(in)visibility of infrastructures is mobilized in platform economy model group meetings	Proposals on the platform disclose people, locations and objects
Illustrative quote	/ … /they make a log of the temperature and other conditions in the property. All kinds of data, what food is offered in the staff canteens, and what is coming in. It’s a question of energy savings, how much has been saved in carbon dioxide, how much has been saved in water, what has been, such things. So, the thing is, it’s not just for the management; the information is returned to the clients and, for example, to the parents of the school/ … /	We have, for example, an awfully good division-based well-being management team that was in no way affiliated with smart and wise, but that well-being management team is such that you actually talk about people, and not about some data or [laughter] about artificial intelligence or something else	Turku is “too small and cramped” with the “treasure of Turku,” the archipelago (proposal “at least three boat berths in the Hirvensalo area”)
Processes of valuing	Turku City Data Oy	Turku citizen budget	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	Traceability is a value in itself for the SC generating representational objects (for example, smart city knowledge graph)	Evaluative infrastructure nudges citizens to perform in certain ways (citizen profile)	Citizens learn to sense value and the smell of infrastructure on the platform
Illustrative quote	“We have had different platform experiments here, but we have not, at least in the well-being activities, achieved greater platform functionality. Perhaps this platform for “traffic and mobility” is more to the fore now.”	Accepted proposals badge“This badge is granted when you actively participate with new proposals and these are acceptedHow can you earn itChoose the participation space of your interest with submission for proposals enabledTry to make proposals that can be carried out. This way they are more likely to be accepted”	“[i]n addition, it is impossible to cover this investment [in sewer capacity] with plot sales revenues and connection fees, as there are so few plots at a time and the value of the land is so low in North Turku.”
Processes of governing	Turku citizen budget	Platform economy model group meetings	Turku citizen budget
Illustrative example	TIs transform external relations with multiple entities to internal relations on the participatory budgeting platform	A model emerges that describes what are the roles and responsibilities of the city and other actors (80 platforms)	The platform acts as a mirror through which producers and their activities are made visible
Illustrative quote	“A total of 3,001 Turku residents voted on the Asukasbudjetti’s 239 plans. 52 projects progressed in implementationThe city is responsible for coordinating and implementing the projects, but implementation will be done together with the proposers during 2021”	Creating the model “is really pragmatic, that is … to find an understanding of how Turku should evolve in this “platform thinking,” what it should proceed in doing, and how things could be evaluated between each other”	“one must at all times show how, why, by whom and with what guarantees a certain type of object of a participatory process was dismissed, approved or blocked”