Table 1 Conceptual underpinning of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Conceptual underpinning of resourceness and innovation resistance

Base of comparison	Resourceness	Innovation resistance
Theoretical underpinning and conceptualisation	Originates in S-D logic, Axiom 1. Service is the fundamental basis of exchange, FP4: Operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantage Resourceness is the quality and realisation of potential resources through the process of human appraisal and action, which then transforms potential resources into realised resources (Lusch and Vargo, 2014)	Originated through the theory of innovation diffusion (Ram and Sheth, 1989) The resistance offered by consumers to changes imposed by innovations either in a passive form, stemming from a genetic predisposition to resist innovation or in an active form which is an attitudinal outcome that follows an unfavourable new product evaluation (Heidenreich and Spieth, 2013; Talke and Heidenreich, 2014)
Relation to processes of service innovation and diffusion	Innovation is about applied knowledge used to create resourceness through integration with other resources and to apply these resources to provide service. Activating resourceness is a key factor in the success of both service innovation and diffusion (Lusch and Vargo, 2014; Peters, 2018)	Innovation resistance leads to innovation either not being evaluated or being rejected post evaluation. The process of actor resource integration is hindered, through rejection or postponement of the innovation adoption decision. Passive innovation resistance generates a stronger predisposition to resist innovations (Heidenreich and Handrich, 2015; Heidenreich et al., 2016; Talke and Heidenreich, 2014).
Antecedents	Actor knowledge, which, when applied, unleashes potential resources, enabling resources to be applied and integrated Actor knowledge is dependent on socio-economic status and culture Access to resources enabling actors to integrate with more resources (accessness) Activation process is necessary to overcome resistance or barriers that hinder the realisation (Lusch and Vargo, 2014)	Passive innovation resistance: Adopter-specific factors Reluctance to lose control, cognitive rigidity, lack of psychological resilience, avoiding short-term effort, preference for low levels of stimulation, reluctance to give up old habits Status-quo satisfaction Tendency to prefer existing situation regardless of the higher utility of alternative, level of satisfaction with the current situation Active innovation resistance: Functional barriers based on the perception of value, complexity, compatibility, co-dependence, visibility, communicability, amenability and realisation barrier Psychological barriers based on the perception of the norm, image, information, personal risk barrier, economic risk barrier, social risk barrier (Heidenreich and Handrich, 2015)

Base of comparison	Resourceness	Innovation resistance
Theoretical underpinning and conceptualisation	Originates in S-D logic, Axiom 1. Service is the fundamental basis of exchange, FP4: Operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantageResourceness is the quality and realisation of potential resources through the process of human appraisal and action, which then transforms potential resources into realised resources (Lusch and Vargo, 2014)	Originated through the theory of innovation diffusion (Ram and Sheth, 1989)The resistance offered by consumers to changes imposed by innovations either in a passive form, stemming from a genetic predisposition to resist innovation or in an active form which is an attitudinal outcome that follows an unfavourable new product evaluation (Heidenreich and Spieth, 2013; Talke and Heidenreich, 2014)
Relation to processes of service innovation and diffusion	Innovation is about applied knowledge used to create resourceness through integration with other resources and to apply these resources to provide service. Activating resourceness is a key factor in the success of both service innovation and diffusion(Lusch and Vargo, 2014; Peters, 2018)	Innovation resistance leads to innovation either not being evaluated or being rejected post evaluation. The process of actor resource integration is hindered, through rejection or postponement of the innovation adoption decision. Passive innovation resistance generates a stronger predisposition to resist innovations (Heidenreich and Handrich, 2015; Heidenreich et al., 2016; Talke and Heidenreich, 2014).
Antecedents	Actor knowledge, which, when applied, unleashes potential resources, enabling resources to be applied and integratedActor knowledge is dependent on socio-economic status and cultureAccess to resources enabling actors to integrate with more resources (accessness)Activation process is necessary to overcome resistance or barriers that hinder the realisation(Lusch and Vargo, 2014)	Passive innovation resistance:Adopter-specific factorsReluctance to lose control, cognitive rigidity, lack of psychological resilience, avoiding short-term effort, preference for low levels of stimulation, reluctance to give up old habitsStatus-quo satisfactionTendency to prefer existing situation regardless of the higher utility of alternative, level of satisfaction with the current situationActive innovation resistance:Functional barriers based on the perception of value, complexity, compatibility, co-dependence, visibility, communicability, amenability and realisation barrierPsychological barriers based on the perception of the norm, image, information, personal risk barrier, economic risk barrier, social risk barrier(Heidenreich and Handrich, 2015)