Table I Key features of the four papers... | Emerald Publishing

Table I

Key features of the four papers

	Johansson and Olhager	Heikkilä et al.	Nujen et al.	Ashby
Topic	The extent, geographies, type of production, drivers, and benefits of offshoring and backshoring	The extent, drivers, and benefits of offshoring and Backshoring	Managing the internal processes following the decision of reversed outsourcing	Motivations and challenges of developing a closed loop supply chain (CLSC)
Geographical focus	Sweden	Finland	Scandinavia	UK
Industrial focus	ISIC codes 10-33, more or less representative	ISIC codes 10-33, more or less representative	Telecommunication, maritime (offshore)	Textile
Methodology	Survey	Survey	Semi-structured interviews	Semi-structured interviews
Number of observations	373 companies	229 companies	5 companies, 14 interviews	1 company, 9 interviews
Time frame investigated	2010-2015	2010-2015	2015-2016	2010-2012
Findings	Offshoring: cost is driver and benefit, for labor-intensive production Backshoring: diverse drivers, especially access to knowledge, skills and technology, and proximity of R&D, for complex production	Offshoring: cost is driver and benefit, for labor-intensive production Backshoring: diverse drivers, for technology intensive firms Backshoring companies are larger, have more plants and a corporate level location strategy, from high technology industries	Success depends on retained knowledge and management capabilities, both of which are negatively affected by the duration time of outsourcing, but complemented by the use of modern technology	Key importance of strategic resources and shared vision and principles between the focal firm and its suppliers; need to extend the CLSC model to integrate the design function and the end customer

	Johansson and Olhager	Heikkilä et al.	Nujen et al.	Ashby
Topic	The extent, geographies, type of production, drivers, and benefits of offshoring and backshoring	The extent, drivers, and benefits of offshoring and Backshoring	Managing the internal processes following the decision of reversed outsourcing	Motivations and challenges of developing a closed loop supply chain (CLSC)
Geographical focus	Sweden	Finland	Scandinavia	UK
Industrial focus	ISIC codes 10-33, more or less representative	ISIC codes 10-33, more or less representative	Telecommunication, maritime (offshore)	Textile
Methodology	Survey	Survey	Semi-structured interviews	Semi-structured interviews
Number of observations	373 companies	229 companies	5 companies, 14 interviews	1 company, 9 interviews
Time frame investigated	2010-2015	2010-2015	2015-2016	2010-2012
Findings	Offshoring: cost is driver and benefit, for labor-intensive productionBackshoring: diverse drivers, especially access to knowledge, skills and technology, and proximity of R&D, for complex production	Offshoring: cost is driver and benefit, for labor-intensive productionBackshoring: diverse drivers, for technology intensive firmsBackshoring companies are larger, have more plants and a corporate level location strategy, from high technology industries	Success depends on retained knowledge and management capabilities, both of which are negatively affected by the duration time of outsourcing, but complemented by the use of modern technology	Key importance of strategic resources and shared vision and principles between the focal firm and its suppliers; need to extend the CLSC model to integrate the design function and the end customer