Table IV Drivers of off- and backshoring...

Table IV

Drivers of off- and backshoring

	Only	Both off- and backshoring		Only
Drivers of off- and backshoring	offshoring	Offshoring	Backshoring	backshoring
Quality	2.82^a,d	2.75^b,c	3.63^b,d	3.82^a,c
Lead time	2.71^a,f	2.92^e	3.33^f	3.67^a,e
Flexibility	2.75^a,d	2.76^b,c	3.54^b,d	3.60^a,c
Access to skills and knowledge	2.64^a,d	2.65^b,c	3.52^b,d	3.60^a,c
Access to technology	2.42^a,c	2.64^b,e	3.23^c,e	3.60^a,b
Proximity to R&D	2.00^a,d	1.98^b,c	3.13^b,d	3.22^a,c
Other cost	3.11	3.19	3.32	3.21
Production close to or in the market	2.58^g,i	3.06ⁱ	2.60^h	3.13^g,h
Logistics cost	2.62^e,g	3.17^e	3.04^g	3.00
Focus on core areas	2.86	2.93	3.02	2.89
Time-to-market	2.08^e	2.11^f	2.31^g	2.86^e,f,g
Risk diversification	2.33	2.68	2.54	2.69
Access to raw materials	2.36	2.54	2.49	2.64
Avoid investments in new equip.	2.76	2.87	2.60	2.54
Changes in currency exchange rates	2.24	2.38	2.42	2.28
Shortage of qualified personnel	1.95	1.70	2.02	2.17
Labour cost	3.86^a,d	3.69^b,c	2.47^b,d	2.16^a,c
Requirement to move with customer	2.13	1.74	1.87	2.06
Country-specific conditions (e.g. subsidies, taxes, duties)	2.45	2.54^g	2.15	2.03^g
Follow industry practice	2.09	1.74	1.90	1.94
Trade barriers (e.g. customs, quotas, local content requirement)	2.30	2.37^g	2.08	1.87^g

	Only	Both off- and backshoring		Only
Drivers of off- and backshoring	offshoring	Offshoring	Backshoring	backshoring
Quality	2.82^a,d	2.75^b,c	3.63^b,d	3.82^a,c
Lead time	2.71^a,f	2.92^e	3.33^f	3.67^a,e
Flexibility	2.75^a,d	2.76^b,c	3.54^b,d	3.60^a,c
Access to skills and knowledge	2.64^a,d	2.65^b,c	3.52^b,d	3.60^a,c
Access to technology	2.42^a,c	2.64^b,e	3.23^c,e	3.60^a,b
Proximity to R&D	2.00^a,d	1.98^b,c	3.13^b,d	3.22^a,c
Other cost	3.11	3.19	3.32	3.21
Production close to or in the market	2.58^g,i	3.06ⁱ	2.60^h	3.13^g,h
Logistics cost	2.62^e,g	3.17^e	3.04^g	3.00
Focus on core areas	2.86	2.93	3.02	2.89
Time-to-market	2.08^e	2.11^f	2.31^g	2.86^e,f,g
Risk diversification	2.33	2.68	2.54	2.69
Access to raw materials	2.36	2.54	2.49	2.64
Avoid investments in new equip.	2.76	2.87	2.60	2.54
Changes in currency exchange rates	2.24	2.38	2.42	2.28
Shortage of qualified personnel	1.95	1.70	2.02	2.17
Labour cost	3.86^a,d	3.69^b,c	2.47^b,d	2.16^a,c
Requirement to move with customer	2.13	1.74	1.87	2.06
Country-specific conditions (e.g. subsidies, taxes, duties)	2.45	2.54^g	2.15	2.03^g
Follow industry practice	2.09	1.74	1.90	1.94
Trade barriers (e.g. customs, quotas, local content requirement)	2.30	2.37^g	2.08	1.87^g

Notes: ^a,b,c,dDifference is significant at the 0.001 level; ^e,fdifference is significant at the 0.01 level; ^g,h,idifference is significant at the 0.05 level. Mean values and level of significant differences between groups by pairwise comparisons between columns for each item; column maximum in italic

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