Summary of main findings and comparison with previous survey studies
| Location | New Zealand | Europe | Germany | Sweden |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | Canham and Hamilton (2013) | Dachs and Kinkel (2013) | Kinkel and Zanker (2013) | This study |
| Period | 2001-2011 | 2007-2009 | 2010-2012 | 2010-2015 |
| Extent | ||||
| No. of companies (NZ, EU, GER) | ||||
| or plants (SWE) | ||||
| Offshoring | 44.3% | 10-22% | 8% | 35.7% |
| Backshoring | 7.3% | 3-7% | 2% | 26.5% |
| Back/Off | 16.5% | 31.3% | 25% | 74.2% |
| No. of projects per plant | ||||
| Offshoring | − | − | − | 1.36 |
| Backshoring | − | − | − | 0.77 |
| Back/Off | − | − | − | 56.2% |
| Type of production | ||||
| Offshoring | Consumer goods and industrial goods | Clothing, Leather | − | Labour intensive production |
| Backshoring | Consumer goods | Chemicals, Textiles | − | Complex production |
| Drivers | ||||
| Offshoring | Labour cost | − | Labour cost | Labour cost |
| Backshoring | Quality | Quality | Flexibility | Quality |
| Flexibility | Flexibility | Quality | Lead time | |
| Lead time | Flexibility | |||
| “Made in NZ” | Access to skills/knowledge | |||
| Access to technology | ||||
| Proximity to R&D | ||||
| Benefits | ||||
| Offshoring | − | − | − | Labour cost |
| Backshoring | − | − | − | Flexibility |
| Quality | ||||
| Delivery | ||||
| Location | New Zealand | Europe | Germany | Sweden |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source | This study | |||
| Period | 2001-2011 | 2007-2009 | 2010-2012 | 2010-2015 |
| No. of companies (NZ, EU, GER) | ||||
| or plants (SWE) | ||||
| Offshoring | 44.3% | 10-22% | 8% | 35.7% |
| Backshoring | 7.3% | 3-7% | 2% | 26.5% |
| Back/Off | 16.5% | 31.3% | 25% | 74.2% |
| No. of projects per plant | ||||
| Offshoring | − | − | − | 1.36 |
| Backshoring | − | − | − | 0.77 |
| Back/Off | − | − | − | 56.2% |
| Offshoring | Consumer goods and industrial goods | Clothing, Leather | − | Labour intensive production |
| Backshoring | Consumer goods | Chemicals, Textiles | − | Complex production |
| Offshoring | Labour cost | − | Labour cost | Labour cost |
| Backshoring | Quality | Quality | Flexibility | Quality |
| Flexibility | Flexibility | Quality | Lead time | |
| Lead time | Flexibility | |||
| “Made in NZ” | Access to skills/knowledge | |||
| Access to technology | ||||
| Proximity to R&D | ||||
| Offshoring | − | − | − | Labour cost |
| Backshoring | − | − | − | Flexibility |
| Quality | ||||
| Delivery | ||||
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