Table 3 Carsharing business models... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Carsharing business models

Business model	Access-based models			Platform-based models
Business model	B2C	B2B	Cooperative	P2P
Examples	Zipcar, ShareNow	ShareNow, Volvo car mobility (M)	Modo	Getaround, Turo
Value proposition	Provides individuals with access to a new car without the burdens of ownership	Provides organizations with access to cars for work-related trips without the burdens of fleet ownership; offers consolidation of fleet management activities	Provides communities with access to cars without the burdens of individual ownership	Provides individuals with access to privately owned cars at lower prices than alternative traditional B2C carsharing. Participating car owners can defray some of the ownership costs and monetize an idle asset
Key resources	Car fleet, fleet management, service network, usage and user behavior data	Car fleet, fleet management, service network, account management, contracting, usage and user behavior data	Car fleet, members' network	IT platform, insurance and assistance coverage, car owner, usage, and user behavior data, wide variety of cars in the network
Revenue mechanism	Monthly subscription or pay-per-use	Contract-based	Annual membership or monthly fee	Pay-per-use
Market mediation	Commercial	Commercial	Not-for-profit	Commercial
Car ownership	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Joint ownership by members	Private individuals
Investment requirement by the provider	High	High	Moderate	Low
Pick-up and drop-off mode	One-way or round-trip	One-way or round-trip	Round-trip	Round-trip
Involved actors	Carsharing company, customers	Carsharing company, employer organization and employees	Cooperative association, car renters	Car owners, platform providers, customers
Business model innovator	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Cooperative members	Platform provider
Fleet variety	Low–medium	Low-–medium	Low	High
Geographical coverage	Limited to busy areas	Limited to busy areas	Selected geographical areas (often neighborhood scale)	Wide coverage
Car maintenance and cleaning	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Contractual obligations	Private car owner

Business model	Access-based models			Platform-based models
Business model	B2C	B2B	Cooperative	P2P
Examples	Zipcar, ShareNow	ShareNow, Volvo car mobility (M)	Modo	Getaround, Turo
Value proposition	Provides individuals with access to a new car without the burdens of ownership	Provides organizations with access to cars for work-related trips without the burdens of fleet ownership; offers consolidation of fleet management activities	Provides communities with access to cars without the burdens of individual ownership	Provides individuals with access to privately owned cars at lower prices than alternative traditional B2C carsharing. Participating car owners can defray some of the ownership costs and monetize an idle asset
Key resources	Car fleet, fleet management, service network, usage and user behavior data	Car fleet, fleet management, service network, account management, contracting, usage and user behavior data	Car fleet, members' network	IT platform, insurance and assistance coverage, car owner, usage, and user behavior data, wide variety of cars in the network
Revenue mechanism	Monthly subscription or pay-per-use	Contract-based	Annual membership or monthly fee	Pay-per-use
Market mediation	Commercial	Commercial	Not-for-profit	Commercial
Car ownership	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Joint ownership by members	Private individuals
Investment requirement by the provider	High	High	Moderate	Low
Pick-up and drop-off mode	One-way or round-trip	One-way or round-trip	Round-trip	Round-trip
Involved actors	Carsharing company, customers	Carsharing company, employer organization and employees	Cooperative association, car renters	Car owners, platform providers, customers
Business model innovator	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Cooperative members	Platform provider
Fleet variety	Low–medium	Low-–medium	Low	High
Geographical coverage	Limited to busy areas	Limited to busy areas	Selected geographical areas (often neighborhood scale)	Wide coverage
Car maintenance and cleaning	Carsharing company	Carsharing company	Contractual obligations	Private car owner

Source(s): Adapted from Wilhelms et al. (2017) and Hahn et al. (2020)