Table 6 User-based and operator-based...

Table 6

User-based and operator-based relocation models

Relocation model	Key studies	Key points
User-based	Brendel et al. (2018), Brendel et al. (2020b), Kek et al. (2009)	Cost efficient, as there are no customer-less trips Price incentives can be used to encourage customers to engage in vehicle relocation Less reliable, as customer compliance is not guaranteed
Operator-based	Bruglieri et al. (2014), Kek et al. (2009), Nourinejad et al. (2015), Repoux et al. (2019), Santos and de Almeida Correia (2019), Weikl and Bogenberger (2013)	Relocation and maintenance can be combined Reliable, as relocation is performed by staff Costly, as customer-less trips are made Requires service providers to account for staff relocation
Combination of user-based and operator-based	Brendel et al. (2020a), Huang et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2020)	Coordination of user-based and operator-based models limits redundancy Potential to reduce unnecessary waste of resources while improving vehicle circulation and utilization

Relocation model	Key studies	Key points
User-based	Brendel et al. (2018), Brendel et al. (2020b), Kek et al. (2009)	Cost efficient, as there are no customer-less trips Price incentives can be used to encourage customers to engage in vehicle relocation Less reliable, as customer compliance is not guaranteed
Operator-based	Bruglieri et al. (2014), Kek et al. (2009), Nourinejad et al. (2015), Repoux et al. (2019), Santos and de Almeida Correia (2019), Weikl and Bogenberger (2013)	Relocation and maintenance can be combined Reliable, as relocation is performed by staff Costly, as customer-less trips are made Requires service providers to account for staff relocation
Combination of user-based and operator-based	Brendel et al. (2020a), Huang et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2020)	Coordination of user-based and operator-based models limits redundancy Potential to reduce unnecessary waste of resources while improving vehicle circulation and utilization