Table 2 Phases and stepwise application...

Table 2

Phases and stepwise application of ActS

Step	Goals	Criterion	Outcome	Key informants	Means	Data collection tools
Conceptual criteria development phase (preface)
(1) Setting overall criteria for method development and/or use	To ensure that the overall design process is relevant	N/A	List of criteria:	Service design team	Reflective discussions	Field notes
			(1) Participatory
			(2) Useful
			(3) Capturing human activity sets
			(4) Value reflecting
			(5) Archetype
			(6) Link to service
Initial method development/planning phase (preparing for the method use)
(2) Defining the activity goal/theme	To ensure that the activity goal or theme is relevant and understandable	Criterion 3	Starting point for data collection: Guiding theme/goal to be studied	Service design team	Reflective discussions	Field notes
(3) Defining an appropriate data collection method and design of data collection	To ensure the method is human-centric, emancipatory and useful	Criteria 1–4	Base: Activityscape mapping (Mickelsson, 2014) method choice: Collaborative workshop (Kujala, 2003)	Service design team	Reflective discussions, internal planning workshops	Field notes
(4) Preparing the techniques for data collection	To ensure proper data collection	Criteria 1, 2	Process plan (questions, tasks, lists of materials)	Service design team	Internal planning workshop invitations to participate	Field notes
(4) Preparing the techniques for data collection	To ensure the representativeness of participants	Criteria 1, 2	Defining useful participants	Service design team	Internal planning workshop invitations to participate	Field notes
Data collection phase (use of the method to generate data)
(5) Identifying relevant activities within the activity set and their perceived value	To create activity sets (reflecting fun, sacrifice, frequency, importance)	Criteria 2, 4, 5	Actionable activity map(s) with identified activities, key questions for primary customers, service design ideas	Individuals/potential users	Co-creative activity identification workshop	Maps
						Sticky notes
						Ratings
						Protocols
						Pencils, markers
(6) Gathering service design ideas from workshop participants	To assist the designers in recognizing service design ideas	Criteria 1, 2, 6	Lists of service development ideas	Individuals/potential users	Workshop task	Sticky notes
						Flipchart
						Pens, coloured markers, pencils
Exploration and ideation phase (use of the generated data)
(7) Creating visualizations/archetype of activity sets (Holmlid and Blomvist, 2014)	To create a foundation for service innovation and design	Criteria 3, 4, 5	Identified general patterns in the activity maps	Service design team and firm members	Map synthesis	Sketches
					Map analysis case company map analysis	Sticky notes
						Maps
						Markers, pencils
(8) Gathering alternative (other) stakeholder activity maps	To identify activity maps for other stakeholder groups	Criteria 2, 4, 6	Identified preferences for development of the service from a multi-stakeholder view	Service design team and stakeholders; potential to widen to service system design	Stakeholder interviews and map creation	Sticky notes
						Maps
						Pencils
						Markers
(9) Key question generation by case company	To create input that can be used to identify spaces for potential new business concepts as well as input for the design	Criteria 2, 6	Shared wider meanings for service ideation	Service design team, other employees	Development of key questions from other stakeholder groups and potential answers to them	Transcripts
(10) Ideation based on activities and key questions as well as competitor offerings	To create actionable service design solutions	Criteria 2, 6	Service concept ideas	Lead investigator, service design team	Case company workshop	Field notes
	To create actionable service design solutions	Criteria 2, 6	Service concept ideas	Lead investigator, service design team	Case company workshop	Photographs

Step	Goals	Criterion	Outcome	Key informants	Means	Data collection tools
Conceptual criteria development phase (preface)
(1) Setting overall criteria for method development and/or use	To ensure that the overall design process is relevant	N/A	List of criteria:	Service design team	Reflective discussions	Field notes
			(1) Participatory
			(2) Useful
			(3) Capturing human activity sets
			(4) Value reflecting
			(5) Archetype
			(6) Link to service
Initial method development/planning phase (preparing for the method use)
(2) Defining the activity goal/theme	To ensure that the activity goal or theme is relevant and understandable	Criterion 3	Starting point for data collection: Guiding theme/goal to be studied	Service design team	Reflective discussions	Field notes
(3) Defining an appropriate data collection method and design of data collection	To ensure the method is human-centric, emancipatory and useful	Criteria 1–4	Base: Activityscape mapping (Mickelsson, 2014) method choice: Collaborative workshop (Kujala, 2003)	Service design team	Reflective discussions, internal planning workshops	Field notes
(4) Preparing the techniques for data collection	To ensure proper data collection	Criteria 1, 2	Process plan (questions, tasks, lists of materials)	Service design team	Internal planning workshop invitations to participate	Field notes
(4) Preparing the techniques for data collection	To ensure the representativeness of participants	Criteria 1, 2	Defining useful participants	Service design team	Internal planning workshop invitations to participate	Field notes
Data collection phase (use of the method to generate data)
(5) Identifying relevant activities within the activity set and their perceived value	To create activity sets (reflecting fun, sacrifice, frequency, importance)	Criteria 2, 4, 5	Actionable activity map(s) with identified activities, key questions for primary customers, service design ideas	Individuals/potential users	Co-creative activity identification workshop	Maps
						Sticky notes
						Ratings
						Protocols
						Pencils, markers
(6) Gathering service design ideas from workshop participants	To assist the designers in recognizing service design ideas	Criteria 1, 2, 6	Lists of service development ideas	Individuals/potential users	Workshop task	Sticky notes
						Flipchart
						Pens, coloured markers, pencils
Exploration and ideation phase (use of the generated data)
(7) Creating visualizations/archetype of activity sets (Holmlid and Blomvist, 2014)	To create a foundation for service innovation and design	Criteria 3, 4, 5	Identified general patterns in the activity maps	Service design team and firm members	Map synthesis	Sketches
					Map analysis case company map analysis	Sticky notes
						Maps
						Markers, pencils
(8) Gathering alternative (other) stakeholder activity maps	To identify activity maps for other stakeholder groups	Criteria 2, 4, 6	Identified preferences for development of the service from a multi-stakeholder view	Service design team and stakeholders; potential to widen to service system design	Stakeholder interviews and map creation	Sticky notes
						Maps
						Pencils
						Markers
(9) Key question generation by case company	To create input that can be used to identify spaces for potential new business concepts as well as input for the design	Criteria 2, 6	Shared wider meanings for service ideation	Service design team, other employees	Development of key questions from other stakeholder groups and potential answers to them	Transcripts
(10) Ideation based on activities and key questions as well as competitor offerings	To create actionable service design solutions	Criteria 2, 6	Service concept ideas	Lead investigator, service design team	Case company workshop	Field notes
	To create actionable service design solutions	Criteria 2, 6	Service concept ideas	Lead investigator, service design team	Case company workshop	Photographs

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