Table II Results of testing the...

Table II

Results of testing the relationship between questions (observed variables) and constructs (latent variables)

Observed variables (Questions)	Latent variable	β	SE	p-value
International marketing knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.84	0.02	0.000
International management knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.83	0.02	0.000
Global knowledge of international markets	Knowledge and skills	0.82	0.02	0.000
International finance knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.77	0.02	0.000
International legislation knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.76	0.02	0.000
Knowledge of IT in international business	Knowledge and skills	0.76	0.02	0.000
Foreign language skills	Knowledge and skills	0.69	0.03	0.000
Promote networking …	Network	0.78	0.03	0.000
Proactively participates in networking events …	Network	0.74	0.03	0.000
Networks with existing/ potential foreign business partners	Network	0.76	0.03	0.000
Budgets and resources allocated specifically for networking for foreign business development	Network	0.74	0.03	0.000
Expanding business in overseas market	Export stimuli	0.75	0.01	0.000
Developing business increases confidence	Export stimuli	0.76	0.03	0.000
Exploring overseas business opportunities	Export stimuli	0.56	0.04	0.000
Gathering overseas market info	Export stimuli	0.49	0.05	0.000
Developing and putting an expansion business plan	Export stimuli	0.64	0.04	0.000
Not knowing the procedures associated with selling in foreign markets	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Unsure as to where are the best export opportunities	Perceived barriers	0.66	0.03	0.000
Perceive that the risks of exporting are too great	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Unsure about the types of export assistance that are available	Perceived barriers	0.53	0.04	0.000
Not enough capital to export	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Exporting is not consistent with the firm’s strategic objectives	Perceived barriers	0.88	0.01	0.000
Top managers just not interested in exporting	Perceived barriers	0.89	0.01	0.000
Exporting not appropriate for a business of our type	Perceived barriers	0.86	0.02	0.000
More domestic opportunities	Perceived barriers	0.82	0.02	0.000
Foreign market difference – language	Psychic distance	0.42	0.05	0.000
Difference-business practices in general	Psychic distance	0.67	0.03	0.000
Difference-political and legal systems	Psychic distance	0.58	0.04	0.000
Difference-market structure	Psychic distance	0.83	0.02	0.000
Difference-economic environment	Psychic distance	0.81	0.02	0.000
Difference-long-term orientation of business	Psychic distance	0.75	0.03	0.000
Power distance between employee and employer	Psychic distance	0.62	0.04	0.000
Playing safely when making strategic moves	Risk taking	0.40	0.06	0.000
Conservative firm in business approach	Risk taking	0.51	0.05	0.000
More risk taker than most of the firms	Risk taking	0.47	0.05	0.000
Top management team is daring (somehow risk taker)	Risk taking	0.52	0.05	0.000
Culture rewards taking chances	Risk taking	0.48	0.05	0.000
When the situation calls for it, the firm is ready to take risks	Risk taking	0.63	0.04	0.000
Firm is willing to make strategic decisions even if the potential outcome could be negative	Risk taking	0.66	0.04	0.000
Avoid trying complicated matters	Self-efficacy	0.38	0.05	0.000
Avoid trying to learn new things when difficult	Self-efficacy	0.39	0.05	0.000
In the learning process, you give up if not initially successful	Self-efficacy	0.54	0.04	0.000
Ability to make a business development plan that works	Self-efficacy	0.35	0.06	0.535
If not able to do a job the first time, keep trying	Self-efficacy	−0.05	0.06	0.381
Resilience to complete unpleasant jobs	Self-efficacy	0.20	0.05	0.000
Determination to do jobs that feel right …	Self-efficacy	0.34	0.06	0.550
Failure just makes me try harder	Self-efficacy	0.0001	0.06	0.998
Rarely achieve individual self-defined goals	Self-efficacy	0.73	0.03	0.000
Seeing no capability to deal with most problems come up in individual business’s life	Self-efficacy	0.82	0.02	0.000
When unexpected problems occur, not handling them very well	Self-efficacy	0.82	0.02	0.000
Feeling insecure about my ability to do things	Self-efficacy	0.80	0.02	0.000
Knowledge of export venture market	Firm status	0.60	0.04	0.000
Past venture performance	Firm status	0.80	0.02	0.000
Annual turnover	Firm status	0.74	0.03	0.000
Number of full time employees	Firm status	0.70	0.03	0.000
Percentage of employees involved in export	Firm status	0.75	0.03	0.000
Availability of financial resources for export …	Firm status	0.72	0.03	0.000
Use of modern technology and equipment	Firm status	0.52	0.04	0.000
Preferential access to valuable supply sources	Firm status	0.56	0.04	0.000
Production capacity availability	Firm status	0.29	0.05	0.000
Export dept is important …	Firm export commitment	0.71	0.03	0.000
Strategic planning of the export is crucial …	Firm export commitment	0.73	0.03	0.000
Research activities on the overseas markets …	Firm export commitment	0.76	0.03	0.000
Regular export market research is crucial …	Firm export commitment	0.80	0.03	0.000
Assistance in finding domestic country partners	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Assistance in finding partners in export country	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Opportunities to participate in trade missions or delegations	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Information about market opportunities in various countries	Government assistance	0.73	0.03	0.000
Providing opportunities to learn about export experiences of other companies	Government assistance	0.75	0.05	0.000
Assistance in assessing readiness to export	Government assistance	0.73	0.03	0.000
Training in the basics of exporting	Government assistance	0.72	0.03	0.000
Assistance in developing an export strategy and plan	Government assistance	0.77	0.02	0.000
Workshops on how to understand other markets, cultures, business practices	Government assistance	0.77	0.02	0.000
Assistance in finding financing for export activities	Government assistance	0.41	0.04	0.000
Demand shortage on the domestic market	External factors (others)	0.46	0.05	0.000
Reception of unsolicited foreign orders	External factors (others)	0.89	0.05	0.000
Information availability regarding foreign opportunities	External factors (others)	0.70	0.04	0.000

Observed variables (Questions)	Latent variable	β	SE	p-value
International marketing knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.84	0.02	0.000
International management knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.83	0.02	0.000
Global knowledge of international markets	Knowledge and skills	0.82	0.02	0.000
International finance knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.77	0.02	0.000
International legislation knowledge	Knowledge and skills	0.76	0.02	0.000
Knowledge of IT in international business	Knowledge and skills	0.76	0.02	0.000
Foreign language skills	Knowledge and skills	0.69	0.03	0.000
Promote networking …	Network	0.78	0.03	0.000
Proactively participates in networking events …	Network	0.74	0.03	0.000
Networks with existing/ potential foreign business partners	Network	0.76	0.03	0.000
Budgets and resources allocated specifically for networking for foreign business development	Network	0.74	0.03	0.000
Expanding business in overseas market	Export stimuli	0.75	0.01	0.000
Developing business increases confidence	Export stimuli	0.76	0.03	0.000
Exploring overseas business opportunities	Export stimuli	0.56	0.04	0.000
Gathering overseas market info	Export stimuli	0.49	0.05	0.000
Developing and putting an expansion business plan	Export stimuli	0.64	0.04	0.000
Not knowing the procedures associated with selling in foreign markets	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Unsure as to where are the best export opportunities	Perceived barriers	0.66	0.03	0.000
Perceive that the risks of exporting are too great	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Unsure about the types of export assistance that are available	Perceived barriers	0.53	0.04	0.000
Not enough capital to export	Perceived barriers	0.71	0.03	0.000
Exporting is not consistent with the firm’s strategic objectives	Perceived barriers	0.88	0.01	0.000
Top managers just not interested in exporting	Perceived barriers	0.89	0.01	0.000
Exporting not appropriate for a business of our type	Perceived barriers	0.86	0.02	0.000
More domestic opportunities	Perceived barriers	0.82	0.02	0.000
Foreign market difference – language	Psychic distance	0.42	0.05	0.000
Difference-business practices in general	Psychic distance	0.67	0.03	0.000
Difference-political and legal systems	Psychic distance	0.58	0.04	0.000
Difference-market structure	Psychic distance	0.83	0.02	0.000
Difference-economic environment	Psychic distance	0.81	0.02	0.000
Difference-long-term orientation of business	Psychic distance	0.75	0.03	0.000
Power distance between employee and employer	Psychic distance	0.62	0.04	0.000
Playing safely when making strategic moves	Risk taking	0.40	0.06	0.000
Conservative firm in business approach	Risk taking	0.51	0.05	0.000
More risk taker than most of the firms	Risk taking	0.47	0.05	0.000
Top management team is daring (somehow risk taker)	Risk taking	0.52	0.05	0.000
Culture rewards taking chances	Risk taking	0.48	0.05	0.000
When the situation calls for it, the firm is ready to take risks	Risk taking	0.63	0.04	0.000
Firm is willing to make strategic decisions even if the potential outcome could be negative	Risk taking	0.66	0.04	0.000
Avoid trying complicated matters	Self-efficacy	0.38	0.05	0.000
Avoid trying to learn new things when difficult	Self-efficacy	0.39	0.05	0.000
In the learning process, you give up if not initially successful	Self-efficacy	0.54	0.04	0.000
Ability to make a business development plan that works	Self-efficacy	0.35	0.06	0.535
If not able to do a job the first time, keep trying	Self-efficacy	−0.05	0.06	0.381
Resilience to complete unpleasant jobs	Self-efficacy	0.20	0.05	0.000
Determination to do jobs that feel right …	Self-efficacy	0.34	0.06	0.550
Failure just makes me try harder	Self-efficacy	0.0001	0.06	0.998
Rarely achieve individual self-defined goals	Self-efficacy	0.73	0.03	0.000
Seeing no capability to deal with most problems come up in individual business’s life	Self-efficacy	0.82	0.02	0.000
When unexpected problems occur, not handling them very well	Self-efficacy	0.82	0.02	0.000
Feeling insecure about my ability to do things	Self-efficacy	0.80	0.02	0.000
Knowledge of export venture market	Firm status	0.60	0.04	0.000
Past venture performance	Firm status	0.80	0.02	0.000
Annual turnover	Firm status	0.74	0.03	0.000
Number of full time employees	Firm status	0.70	0.03	0.000
Percentage of employees involved in export	Firm status	0.75	0.03	0.000
Availability of financial resources for export …	Firm status	0.72	0.03	0.000
Use of modern technology and equipment	Firm status	0.52	0.04	0.000
Preferential access to valuable supply sources	Firm status	0.56	0.04	0.000
Production capacity availability	Firm status	0.29	0.05	0.000
Export dept is important …	Firm export commitment	0.71	0.03	0.000
Strategic planning of the export is crucial …	Firm export commitment	0.73	0.03	0.000
Research activities on the overseas markets …	Firm export commitment	0.76	0.03	0.000
Regular export market research is crucial …	Firm export commitment	0.80	0.03	0.000
Assistance in finding domestic country partners	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Assistance in finding partners in export country	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Opportunities to participate in trade missions or delegations	Government assistance	0.78	0.02	0.000
Information about market opportunities in various countries	Government assistance	0.73	0.03	0.000
Providing opportunities to learn about export experiences of other companies	Government assistance	0.75	0.05	0.000
Assistance in assessing readiness to export	Government assistance	0.73	0.03	0.000
Training in the basics of exporting	Government assistance	0.72	0.03	0.000
Assistance in developing an export strategy and plan	Government assistance	0.77	0.02	0.000
Workshops on how to understand other markets, cultures, business practices	Government assistance	0.77	0.02	0.000
Assistance in finding financing for export activities	Government assistance	0.41	0.04	0.000
Demand shortage on the domestic market	External factors (others)	0.46	0.05	0.000
Reception of unsolicited foreign orders	External factors (others)	0.89	0.05	0.000
Information availability regarding foreign opportunities	External factors (others)	0.70	0.04	0.000

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