Table 6 Research questions for future... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Research questions for future research

Propositions	Individual level	Collective/multi-level
P1a – There is a dynamic interplay between immigrants' cross-cultural adaptation and their nascent entrepreneurial process P1b – Tensions in cross-cultural adaptation interact with the entrepreneurial process of immigrant entrepreneurs	What elements of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) are the most salient during nascent entrepreneurial process (NEP)? What is the role of temporal dynamics in CCA and NEP that immigrant entrepreneurs experience? What elements of CCA enable/constrain immigrant entrepreneurs to progress with their NEP? What CCA tensions do race, ethnicity and gender of an immigrant entrepreneur engender and how do these impact on the NEP experience?	How might the dynamics between CCA and NEP vary between entrepreneurs from different backgrounds – race, ethnicity, gender? How are experiences of CCA and NEP different for entrepreneurs in countries with a long-standing history of immigration vs. those without it? How might the CCA experiences of different ethnic groups/gender differ in their relationship with the NEP?
P2 – Immigrant entrepreneurs negotiate and leverage different forms of capital during the nascent entrepreneurial process with cross-cultural adaptation impacting on the early start-up experiences	How does a nascent immigrant entrepreneur access and leverage social and human capital during NEP and what impact does CCA has? How does an immigrant entrepreneur develop local social networks during CCA and NEP, and what are the challenges that they face? How does the development of social capital with host country networks impact an immigrant entrepreneur's CCA and access to other forms of capital needed during NEP? How does an immigrant entrepreneur compensate for the lack of local entrepreneurial capital during NEP?	How does accessing different forms of capital during NEP differ for those who focus mainly on co-immigrant/transnational capital vs. those who develop and access entrepreneurial capital in a host context? How do CCA experiences of different ethnic groups impact on entrepreneurial capital development during NEP? How can government enterprise policies and initiatives by business network organizations support the relationship between NEP and CCA for immigrants?
P3 – Nascent immigrant entrepreneurs put their entrepreneurial process on hold in the host country due to impediments stemming from cross-cultural adaptation	What are the triggers that re-ignite the entrepreneurial process for an immigrant entrepreneur after putting their NEP on hold due to CCA impediments? Does an immigrant entrepreneur who puts their NEP on hold in their host country re-start it after leaving the host country? Does an immigrant entrepreneur who puts their NEP efforts on hold in their host country re-start the NEP with the same idea?	What role does the specific political, environmental and cultural context play on the decision by immigrant entrepreneurs to put NEP on hold? How can policy address the constraints in CCA within the NEP to achieve more viable start-ups by immigrants? Is it the individual or the environment that causes an immigrant to start their business in a country other than their host country?

Propositions	Individual level	Collective/multi-level
P1a – There is a dynamic interplay between immigrants' cross-cultural adaptation and their nascent entrepreneurial processP1b – Tensions in cross-cultural adaptation interact with the entrepreneurial process of immigrant entrepreneurs	What elements of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) are the most salient during nascent entrepreneurial process (NEP)?What is the role of temporal dynamics in CCA and NEP that immigrant entrepreneurs experience?What elements of CCA enable/constrain immigrant entrepreneurs to progress with their NEP?What CCA tensions do race, ethnicity and gender of an immigrant entrepreneur engender and how do these impact on the NEP experience?	How might the dynamics between CCA and NEP vary between entrepreneurs from different backgrounds – race, ethnicity, gender?How are experiences of CCA and NEP different for entrepreneurs in countries with a long-standing history of immigration vs. those without it?How might the CCA experiences of different ethnic groups/gender differ in their relationship with the NEP?
P2 – Immigrant entrepreneurs negotiate and leverage different forms of capital during the nascent entrepreneurial process with cross-cultural adaptation impacting on the early start-up experiences	How does a nascent immigrant entrepreneur access and leverage social and human capital during NEP and what impact does CCA has?How does an immigrant entrepreneur develop local social networks during CCA and NEP, and what are the challenges that they face?How does the development of social capital with host country networks impact an immigrant entrepreneur's CCA and access to other forms of capital needed during NEP?How does an immigrant entrepreneur compensate for the lack of local entrepreneurial capital during NEP?	How does accessing different forms of capital during NEP differ for those who focus mainly on co-immigrant/transnational capital vs. those who develop and access entrepreneurial capital in a host context?How do CCA experiences of different ethnic groups impact on entrepreneurial capital development during NEP?How can government enterprise policies and initiatives by business network organizations support the relationship between NEP and CCA for immigrants?
P3 – Nascent immigrant entrepreneurs put their entrepreneurial process on hold in the host country due to impediments stemming from cross-cultural adaptation	What are the triggers that re-ignite the entrepreneurial process for an immigrant entrepreneur after putting their NEP on hold due to CCA impediments?Does an immigrant entrepreneur who puts their NEP on hold in their host country re-start it after leaving the host country?Does an immigrant entrepreneur who puts their NEP efforts on hold in their host country re-start the NEP with the same idea?	What role does the specific political, environmental and cultural context play on the decision by immigrant entrepreneurs to put NEP on hold?How can policy address the constraints in CCA within the NEP to achieve more viable start-ups by immigrants?Is it the individual or the environment that causes an immigrant to start their business in a country other than their host country?