Table 4 Conflicts between packaging... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Conflicts between packaging features at the inter-organisational system level

					Example
A	Promotional attributes	vs	1	Logistics efficiency	A market-driven design allows for 10 primary packages in a standardised secondary package, but a design slightly adjusted to logistics allows for 15 primary packages (distributor 1)
			2	Production efficiency	Automatic production with a reusable packaging system “is the most cost-efficient in the world”, but to fulfil promotional attributes from its customers producer 1 uses a much less efficient manual packing procedure
			3	Handling efficiency	Retailer 1 uses standardised reusable crates because of, e.g. handling efficiency at the expense of promotional attributes
			4	Volume efficiency	When developing a new package, brand owner 2 had a conflict between using the same outer dimensions as similarly dimensioned competitors' packages or chosing a more volume efficient package with less exposure surface in the store
			5	Packaging material	Distributor 1 uses primary packaging for its ecological products to enable communication even though they do not need packaging
B	Packaging cost	vs	6	Promotional attributes	Producer 1 sells certain apples in an expensive package to obtain a higher price
	Packaging cost		7	Protection	Retailer 1 emphasises that it sometimes makes packaging purchase “at a really good price, but 5% are damaged during transport because of bad packaging”
			8	Packaging material	Sometimes recyclable packaging “is more expensive, it reduces the production efficiency, and consumers cannot see any difference compared to the current packaging, which means that the price cannot increase” (brand owner 2)
C D	Packaging material	vs	9	User friendliness	Brand owner 2 changed the metal lid on its glass bottles to be easier to open, but it also contains more metal
	Packaging material		10	Protection	Consumers perceive a metal clip on net bags for onions as a negative environmental impact, but the alternative solution of joining the bags through melting reduces packaging strength, which leads to food waste (distributor 1)
	Protection	vs	11	Logistics efficiency	Producer 2 uses reusable plastic crates and has “never damaged products or a broken package”, but “it takes 15–20% less products as it is more bulky, which leads to increased logistics costs”

					Example
A	Promotional attributes	vs	1	Logistics efficiency	A market-driven design allows for 10 primary packages in a standardised secondary package, but a design slightly adjusted to logistics allows for 15 primary packages (distributor 1)
			2	Production efficiency	Automatic production with a reusable packaging system “is the most cost-efficient in the world”, but to fulfil promotional attributes from its customers producer 1 uses a much less efficient manual packing procedure
			3	Handling efficiency	Retailer 1 uses standardised reusable crates because of, e.g. handling efficiency at the expense of promotional attributes
			4	Volume efficiency	When developing a new package, brand owner 2 had a conflict between using the same outer dimensions as similarly dimensioned competitors' packages or chosing a more volume efficient package with less exposure surface in the store
			5	Packaging material	Distributor 1 uses primary packaging for its ecological products to enable communication even though they do not need packaging
B	Packaging cost	vs	6	Promotional attributes	Producer 1 sells certain apples in an expensive package to obtain a higher price
	Packaging cost		7	Protection	Retailer 1 emphasises that it sometimes makes packaging purchase “at a really good price, but 5% are damaged during transport because of bad packaging”
			8	Packaging material	Sometimes recyclable packaging “is more expensive, it reduces the production efficiency, and consumers cannot see any difference compared to the current packaging, which means that the price cannot increase” (brand owner 2)
CD	Packaging material	vs	9	User friendliness	Brand owner 2 changed the metal lid on its glass bottles to be easier to open, but it also contains more metal
	Packaging material		10	Protection	Consumers perceive a metal clip on net bags for onions as a negative environmental impact, but the alternative solution of joining the bags through melting reduces packaging strength, which leads to food waste (distributor 1)
	Protection	vs	11	Logistics efficiency	Producer 2 uses reusable plastic crates and has “never damaged products or a broken package”, but “it takes 15–20% less products as it is more bulky, which leads to increased logistics costs”