Table 1. Reliability and validity tests...

Table 1.

Reliability and validity tests

Construct	Item	Item description	Cronbach’s α n = 105/388	Factor loadings n = 105/388	Reference
Privacy barrier			0.786/0.878
	PB1	My personal information can be used without my knowledge when signing up to use DPMs		0.768/0.857	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	PB2	My digital transactions can be monitored and tracked		0.913/0.944	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	PB3	DPMs reveal my payment habits		0.833/0.895	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Security barrier			0.883/0.915
	SB1	My bank account can be hacked		0.841/0.895	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	SB2	I can be exposed to fraud if I use DPMs		0.868/0.925	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	SB3	Worry about logging in via bank websites/apps or entering my bank card number		0.849/0.886	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	SB4	DPMs are not secure		0.888/0.867	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Access barrier			0.752/0.794
	AB1	Forgotten/lost PIN code/password can be an obstacle to making digital transactions		0.627/0.712	Modified from Laukkanen (2016)
	AB2	I cannot make digital transactions due to system breakdowns		0.887/0.889	Larsson et al. (2016), virtual passive observation
	AB3	Technical problems with DPMs will lead to wasted time		0.841/0.847	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Lee (2009), virtual passive observation
	AB4	More shops accept only DPMs		0.686/0.713	Virtual passive observation
Impersonalisation barrier			0.600/0.695
	IB1	Waiting time is long in tele- or chat queues		0.637/0.720	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), virtual passive observation
	IB2	I find personal customer service more pleasant than self-service alternatives		0.588/0.793	Modified (reversed) from Laukkanen (2016), virtual passive observation
	IB3	Chatbots give better service than do bank employees		n/a^*	Modified from Shin et al. (2020), Yang et al. (2015)
	IB4	The lack of personal contact is an obstacle to relying on DPMs		0.774/0.756	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB5	I buy more when paying with DPMs		n/a^*	Larsson et al. (2016)
	IB6	I want to have the possibility to choose between bank employees and chatbots if in need of support		0.707/0.642	Modified from Van der Cruijsen et al. (2017)
Trust barrier			0.455/0.441
	TB1	I regularly check my digital transactions		0.639/0.601	Modified from Poon (2008)
	TB2	DPMs are risky		0.772/0.762	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003)
	TB3	Option to choose between different payment methods (swish, internet banking, bank card and cash)		0.668/0.701	Modified from Van der Cruijsen et al. (2017), virtual passive observation
	TB4	DPMs work as they should		n/a^*	Virtual passive observation
Intention to fully adopt DPMs	IF1	I plan to use only DPMs in the future	n/a	n/a	Modified from Chaouali et al. (2017)

Construct	Item	Item description	Cronbach’s αn = 105/388	Factor loadingsn = 105/388	Reference
Privacybarrier			0.786/0.878
	PB1	My personal information can be used without my knowledge when signing up to use DPMs		0.768/0.857	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	PB2	My digital transactions can be monitored and tracked		0.913/0.944	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	PB3	DPMs reveal my payment habits		0.833/0.895	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Securitybarrier			0.883/0.915
	SB1	My bank account can be hacked		0.841/0.895	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	SB2	I can be exposed to fraud if I use DPMs		0.868/0.925	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	SB3	Worry about logging in via bank websites/apps or entering my bank card number		0.849/0.886	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Martins et al. (2014)
	SB4	DPMs are not secure		0.888/0.867	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
Accessbarrier			0.752/0.794
	AB1	Forgotten/lost PIN code/password can be an obstacle to making digital transactions		0.627/0.712	Modified from Laukkanen (2016)
	AB2	I cannot make digital transactions due to system breakdowns		0.887/0.889	Larsson et al. (2016), virtual passive observation
	AB3	Technical problems with DPMs will lead to wasted time		0.841/0.847	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), Lee (2009), virtual passive observation
	AB4	More shops accept only DPMs		0.686/0.713	Virtual passive observation
Impersonalisation barrier			0.600/0.695
	IB1	Waiting time is long in tele- or chat queues		0.637/0.720	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003), virtual passive observation
	IB2	I find personal customer service more pleasant than self-service alternatives		0.588/0.793	Modified (reversed) from Laukkanen (2016), virtual passive observation
	IB3	Chatbots give better service than do bank employees		n/a^*	Modified from Shin et al. (2020), Yang et al. (2015)
	IB4	The lack of personal contact is an obstacle to relying on DPMs		0.774/0.756	Modified from Yang et al. (2015)
	IB5	I buy more when paying with DPMs		n/a^*	Larsson et al. (2016)
	IB6	I want to have the possibility to choose between bank employees and chatbots if in need of support		0.707/0.642	Modified from Van der Cruijsen et al. (2017)
Trust barrier			0.455/0.441
	TB1	I regularly check my digital transactions		0.639/0.601	Modified from Poon (2008)
	TB2	DPMs are risky		0.772/0.762	Modified from Featherman and Pavlou (2003)
	TB3	Option to choose between different payment methods (swish, internet banking, bank card and cash)		0.668/0.701	Modified from Van der Cruijsen et al. (2017), virtual passive observation
	TB4	DPMs work as they should		n/a^*	Virtual passive observation
Intention to fully adopt DPMs	IF1	I plan to use only DPMs in the future	n/a	n/a	Modified from Chaouali et al. (2017)

Notes:

n/a = Not applicable;

Items with weak correlations were removed; Cronbach’s α: Adopters-accepters (YBCs) = 105, Adopters-resisters (KU) = 388; Factor loadings: Adopters-accepters (YBCs) = 105, Adopters-resisters (KU) = 388

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