Table 1 Four types of crowdsourcing and...

Table 1

Four types of crowdsourcing and related literature

Crowdsourcing Shared knowledge	Internal crowdsourcing excluding external crowds	Crowdsourcing including external crowds
Solution-related knowledge only	Type I: Haas et al. (2014); Malhotra et al. (2017); Zuchowski et al. (2016)	Type II: Acar (2019), Afuah and Tucci (2012); Armanios and Zhang (2021); Brabham (2008); Campos-Blázquez et al. (2020); Chan (2018); Jeppesen and Lakhani (2010); Schemmann et al. (2016)
Problem- and solution-related knowledge	Type III: Deichmann et al. (2021); Hober et al. (2021)	Type IV: Bayus (2013); Beretta and Søndergaard, (2021); Blohm et al. (2013), Majchrzak and Malhotra (2016); Majchrzak and Malhotra (2020), Malhotra and Majchrzak (2019); Pollok et al. (2019), Sun et al. (2020)

CrowdsourcingShared knowledge	Internal crowdsourcing excluding external crowds	Crowdsourcing including external crowds
Solution-related knowledge only	Type I: Haas et al. (2014); Malhotra et al. (2017); Zuchowski et al. (2016)	Type II: Acar (2019), Afuah and Tucci (2012); Armanios and Zhang (2021); Brabham (2008); Campos-Blázquez et al. (2020); Chan (2018); Jeppesen and Lakhani (2010); Schemmann et al. (2016)
Problem- and solution-related knowledge	Type III: Deichmann et al. (2021); Hober et al. (2021)	Type IV: Bayus (2013); Beretta and Søndergaard, (2021); Blohm et al. (2013), Majchrzak and Malhotra (2016); Majchrzak and Malhotra (2020), Malhotra and Majchrzak (2019); Pollok et al. (2019), Sun et al. (2020)