Table 2 Differences and commonalities... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Differences and commonalities literature review articles defining Industry 4.0

	(Nosalska et al., 2020) Defining Industry 4.0 from a manufacturing perspective	(Chauhan and Singh, 2020) Defining Industry 4.0 from a supply chain management perspective	(Garay-Rondero et al., 2020) Defining Industry 4.0 by combining the two perspectives
Disciplinary perspective	Manufacturing perspective	Supply chain management perspective	Manufacturing and supply chain perspective combined
Degree of formality of definition	Explicit definition	Implicit definition	Implicit definition
Definition in terms of constituent parts and mechanisms	Formal definition in terms of constituents parts is derived from the literature	The main aspects are put together and summarized in tables	The main aspects are summarized in figures and tables
Definition in terms of causes or antecedents of I4	Generic causes of Industry 4.0 are described, there is almost no systematic analyses of relative or combined effect of antecedents on Industry 4.0, or on the speed or degree of implementation of Industry 4.0 practices
Definition in terms of consequences or effect of I4	Generic performance effects of Industry 4.0 are described but not quantified
Definition in terms of consequences or effect of I4	Article focuses on direct effects on manufacturing	Wider societal and economic consequences are discussed	Article focuses on actors and factors in supply chain
Definition in terms of category, environment or complementary aspects of I4	Hardly described	Extensively discussed	Hardly described
Definition in terms of contrast of I4 with related concepts	Boundary of the concept is hardly set, and the contrast with other concepts is hence missing	Contrast between a manufacturing and supply chain management perspective is described. An overview of different units of analysis chosen in Industry 4.0 literature is provided	Boundary is set by the supply chain or network with all actors, components, processes and types of management to coordinate activities
Implementation of I4	Hardly discussed in the articles

	(Nosalska et al., 2020)Defining Industry 4.0 from a manufacturing perspective	(Chauhan and Singh, 2020)Defining Industry 4.0 from a supply chain management perspective	(Garay-Rondero et al., 2020)Defining Industry 4.0 by combining the two perspectives
Disciplinary perspective	Manufacturing perspective	Supply chain management perspective	Manufacturing and supply chain perspective combined
Degree of formality of definition	Explicit definition	Implicit definition	Implicit definition
Definition in terms of constituent parts and mechanisms	Formal definition in terms of constituents parts is derived from the literature	The main aspects are put together and summarized in tables	The main aspects are summarized in figures and tables
Definition in terms of causes or antecedents of I4	Generic causes of Industry 4.0 are described, there is almost no systematic analyses of relative or combined effect of antecedents on Industry 4.0, or on the speed or degree of implementation of Industry 4.0 practices
Definition in terms of consequences or effect of I4	Generic performance effects of Industry 4.0 are described but not quantified
Definition in terms of consequences or effect of I4	Article focuses on direct effects on manufacturing	Wider societal and economic consequences are discussed	Article focuses on actors and factors in supply chain
Definition in terms of category, environment or complementary aspects of I4	Hardly described	Extensively discussed	Hardly described
Definition in terms of contrast of I4 with related concepts	Boundary of the concept is hardly set, and the contrast with other concepts is hence missing	Contrast between a manufacturing and supply chain management perspective is described. An overview of different units of analysis chosen in Industry 4.0 literature is provided	Boundary is set by the supply chain or network with all actors, components, processes and types of management to coordinate activities
Implementation of I4	Hardly discussed in the articles