Table 2

A typology of safety-related robot roles

Role typeDescriptionSafety-related role extension
FunctionalFunctional server
Fulfilling orders, distributing food and medicine, cleaning, showing guests to their table
Safety supervisor
Checking customers' body temperature, checking whether customers wear their face masks correctly, dispensing hand sanitizer, enforcing sufficient distance between customers in a waiting line
Information sharingService assistant
Show customers around, answer customers' questions, provide service- or product-related information
Safety informer
Informing customers about protective measures such as wearing face masks, keeping distance and the use of one-way aisles
Social–emotionalSocial partner
Greeting or entertaining customers. Depending on the service robot's capabilities, the interaction can range from simple and repetitive social tasks to engaging in quasi-social interactions
Safe social enabler
Enabling social contact between parties via service robots that incorporate video-call technology. This social contact can be both professional and nonprofessional

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