Table III Motivation of social... | Emerald Publishing

Table III

Motivation of social entrepreneurs throughout the social entrepreneurship process

Stage in Process	Motivational typology	Key insight	Regulatory process	Type of motivation	Empirical illustration
Idea emergence	Discoverers	Discoverers see social entrepreneurship as a way of putting their specific skills and knowhow to use; the journey of social entrepreneurship is seen as a goal in itself	To experience/to know regulation	Regulating intrinsic motivation when embarking on this exciting new experience	“I want to do something more than just my everyday work. If you are from a small town, your opportunities to find meaningful activities are limited”
	Seekers	For Seekers, social entrepreneurship offers an attractive role that matches their self-image	Identified regulation	Regulating high levels of extrinsic motivation at the idea emergence stage	“Why aren't we creative and changing things around here? Then, I decided to start up my project”
	Rangers	Rangers want to change their environment and see themselves as having the requisite competences for social entrepreneurship	Introjected regulation/ identified regulation	Perceiving their competence as needed, leading to high levels of extrinsic motivation	“With my background … I’m an innovator to my very core, thinking constantly about safety and change”
Idea development	Discoverers	Discoverers’ self-determination depends on their role in idea development – that is, whether they are driven by a strong partner or are managing the process themselves	Non-regulation/to experience motivation	The outcome of regulatory processes releases either amotivation or intrinsic motivation, depending on their experience of the activities as positive or non-positive	“They started to ask for receipts for things I bought … it was such a hassle, I felt drained by it” “I see this period as one big adventure – a really fun thing to do during my working life”
	Seekers	Seekers are conscious of developing their social innovation to fit their self-image, making them subject to influence at the developing stage	Non-regulation/ introjected regulation	They regulate a wide range of motivation, from amotivation to high levels of extrinsic motivation, whether the progress of innovation fits their self-image and whether they receive the recognition they need to build that self-image	“The choice of material was very sudden; I would have liked that process and choice to be more professional” “Now that the process has picked up speed, I receive so much positive feedback, and that really gets me going”
	Rangers	Rangers depend on their ability to drive the process themselves, and on being able to use their own abilities to further enhance their social innovation	Non-regulation/ integrated regulation	Their motivation depends on whether the process is perceived as beyond their control or not. They regulate high extrinsic motivation when perceived to be in control and amotivation if not	“You feel diminished somehow, and then you lose your momentum” “I’m a ‘solutions’ kind of guy; otherwise, all the negative things would get you down”
Diffusion	Discoverers	Discoverers do not value diffusion activities; they experience these activities as difficult and feel they lack knowledge. They want their journey to create social value so that it will not be in vain	Non-regulation/ integrated regulation	They regulate low levels of self-determination in activities that are foreign to them, which leaves them incapacitated. If external partners manage the process, they regulate medium levels of self-determination	“The journey has given me enough; I’ve never had high hopes of selling the innovation” “If I could help someone else, that would really mean something to me”
	Seekers	Seekers evaluate activities at the implementation stage in terms of their potential to enhance the image of social entrepreneurship	Non-regulation/ identified regulation	They regulate amotivation when diffusion activities are not congruent with their self-image. Conversely, when the activities synthesize with their self-image, they are highly extrinsically motivated to pursue diffusion activities	“It wasn’t easy for me, selling the innovation. Above all, I wanted to be able to do it more professionally, with empirical support for the things I was claiming” “This is not another single-use product that tears down the environment, and yet it's really good. That's emotionally important for me”
	Rangers	Rangers measure success in terms of how much social value their innovation can create; the more diffusion and confirmation of social value creation the better	External regulation/identified regulation/To achieve regulation	They regulate high extrinsic motivation according to feedback received during the market application stage. When successful, they regulate intrinsic motivation	“There is this thing about having an innovation of your own – an innovation that you have constructed and designed, that you can find in different places around the world” “I would like to give this to the employees, to give them the chance to reap the benefits – that’s what really drives me the most” “To receive this positive feedback, that’s what gets you going”

Stage in Process	Motivational typology	Key insight	Regulatory process	Type of motivation	Empirical illustration
Idea emergence	Discoverers	Discoverers see social entrepreneurship as a way of putting their specific skills and knowhow to use; the journey of social entrepreneurship is seen as a goal in itself	To experience/to know regulation	Regulating intrinsic motivation when embarking on this exciting new experience	“I want to do something more than just my everyday work. If you are from a small town, your opportunities to find meaningful activities are limited”
	Seekers	For Seekers, social entrepreneurship offers an attractive role that matches their self-image	Identified regulation	Regulating high levels of extrinsic motivation at the idea emergence stage	“Why aren't we creative and changing things around here? Then, I decided to start up my project”
	Rangers	Rangers want to change their environment and see themselves as having the requisite competences for social entrepreneurship	Introjected regulation/ identified regulation	Perceiving their competence as needed, leading to high levels of extrinsic motivation	“With my background … I’m an innovator to my very core, thinking constantly about safety and change”
Idea development	Discoverers	Discoverers’ self-determination depends on their role in idea development – that is, whether they are driven by a strong partner or are managing the process themselves	Non-regulation/to experience motivation	The outcome of regulatory processes releases either amotivation or intrinsic motivation, depending on their experience of the activities as positive or non-positive	“They started to ask for receipts for things I bought … it was such a hassle, I felt drained by it”“I see this period as one big adventure – a really fun thing to do during my working life”
	Seekers	Seekers are conscious of developing their social innovation to fit their self-image, making them subject to influence at the developing stage	Non-regulation/ introjected regulation	They regulate a wide range of motivation, from amotivation to high levels of extrinsic motivation, whether the progress of innovation fits their self-image and whether they receive the recognition they need to build that self-image	“The choice of material was very sudden; I would have liked that process and choice to be more professional”“Now that the process has picked up speed, I receive so much positive feedback, and that really gets me going”
	Rangers	Rangers depend on their ability to drive the process themselves, and on being able to use their own abilities to further enhance their social innovation	Non-regulation/ integrated regulation	Their motivation depends on whether the process is perceived as beyond their control or not. They regulate high extrinsic motivation when perceived to be in control and amotivation if not	“You feel diminished somehow, and then you lose your momentum”“I’m a ‘solutions’ kind of guy; otherwise, all the negative things would get you down”
Diffusion	Discoverers	Discoverers do not value diffusion activities; they experience these activities as difficult and feel they lack knowledge. They want their journey to create social value so that it will not be in vain	Non-regulation/ integrated regulation	They regulate low levels of self-determination in activities that are foreign to them, which leaves them incapacitated. If external partners manage the process, they regulate medium levels of self-determination	“The journey has given me enough; I’ve never had high hopes of selling the innovation”“If I could help someone else, that would really mean something to me”
	Seekers	Seekers evaluate activities at the implementation stage in terms of their potential to enhance the image of social entrepreneurship	Non-regulation/ identified regulation	They regulate amotivation when diffusion activities are not congruent with their self-image. Conversely, when the activities synthesize with their self-image, they are highly extrinsically motivated to pursue diffusion activities	“It wasn’t easy for me, selling the innovation. Above all, I wanted to be able to do it more professionally, with empirical support for the things I was claiming”“This is not another single-use product that tears down the environment, and yet it's really good. That's emotionally important for me”
	Rangers	Rangers measure success in terms of how much social value their innovation can create; the more diffusion and confirmation of social value creation the better	External regulation/identified regulation/To achieve regulation	They regulate high extrinsic motivation according to feedback received during the market application stage. When successful, they regulate intrinsic motivation	“There is this thing about having an innovation of your own – an innovation that you have constructed and designed, that you can find in different places around the world”“I would like to give this to the employees, to give them the chance to reap the benefits – that’s what really drives me the most”“To receive this positive feedback, that’s what gets you going”